(NOTE.—THE LACUNÆ SIGNIFY THAT THE LETTER DOES NOT CONNECT AND, THEREFORE, THAT THE UNCONNECTED FORM IS USED.)
Name of Unconnected Letter. Form. Conven tional Romanized equivalent. With a following Letter, Sin Shin Såd Dlâd Ta Tlá 'Ain Ghain Ngâ Få Pá Kâf Kaf Gâ Lâm Mim Nún Wau Ha Ya Nyå ع ا كنت 33334 مشا و له له له hh Los ل .3 ي S sli al gh ng K من ليه 9 b 50. Form in Connection. With a Preceding Letter. With Both. With a Following Letter. ظ ظ قام 5 شر b i 11 W h ny Examples of its use. With a Preceding I.etter. With Bath. بيسل باتس سجق ش شهدان شمشیر بخشیش صاحب 2 فصل قميص فضولي فرأيض ضرب غلط فطور عظمت تحفظ ظل 5 5 6 À 5333 A ض ط عرب فعل غين صغير غاده بفكت تربع و له له له ف غلف فجر عفریت المقت سيلف فاچت عقیق تلاقى فكرني بأيك کچل كته نکه تبل لق ماري تهو نیر تن تنق نبو دمه هارس قهوه یا تشي بتلن بات chhe كك ت is very generally employed by Malays instead of The Arabic feminine termination . which is a form of o. The object with which this form is used is to suggest that a writer is acquainted with the Arabic language; should his reader be acquainted with Arabic, it would prove the very contrary. The use of this form, though it can be defended by the extent to which the custom prevails, is, therefore, a piece of affectation which it is better to avoid. The Romanized equivalents given must not be taken to represent the exact sound of the character for which they are used as substitutes. The pronunciation of the Malayo-Arabic letters is discussed elsewhere [Appendix II. and is best acquired in a practical way by listening to the speech of educated natives. Besides the letters constituting the Alphabet, certain diacritical marks are occasionally met with in literature. Some of these marks only occur in Arabic quotations and need not be acquired, but the following should be known to every advanced student of Malay. The Vowel Points.-The letters of the Arabic alphabet are all considered to be consonants [Appendix II]. The vowels are either understood, or are expressed by the vowel-points fathah, kasrah and dlammah. These represent short vowels, but when followed by the consonants alif, yd, and wau respectively, they become long vowels. In Malay the fathah (-) is known as the baris di-atas; it is pronounced as a short a or (when followed by an alif) as a long a. The kasrah (7) is known as the baris di- bawah; it is pronounced as a short e or i, or (when followed by a ya) as a long e or i. The dlammah () is
