§ 19. The following combinations of words are found:
(a) sa is joined to the following word سريبو sa-ribu, سسيکت sa-sikat.
(b) The prepositions di and ka are similarly joined کرومه ka-rumah, دتڠه di-těngah.
(c) And so too, the unemphatic short forms of the personal pronouns ك ku and کو kau, کليهت ku-lihat, كليه ka, كوباوا kau-bawa.
(d) م mu, ڽ nya (and ku and kau when they belong to a preceding word) are joined to the word preceding them; also daku, dikau and dia after akan and děngan. اولهم oleh-mu, باوهڽ bawah-nya, ديريكو diri-ku, اكندي akan dia, دڠنديکو děngan dikau.
(e) The particles lah, kah, tah, pun are joined to the preceding word, الڠکه alang-kah, اڤته apa-tah.
(f) يڠ yang may be joined with the preceding or following word, or with both. اورڠيڠ orang yang, يڠتردافت yang terdapat, اورڠيڠددافتي orang yang di-dapati.
(g) The component parts of compound words are joined افبيل apabila, هلبالڠ hulubalang.
The impossibility of formulating a logical system of spelling shows the inadaptability of Arabic characters for the expression of Malay phonetics. But the above general principles, such as they are, are better guides than merely empirical rules which are broken through and through by exceptions.
§ 20. Romanized Malay.
Two main systems of rendering Malay in Roman characters have been practised:
(1) The old Dutch method of reproducing the Arabic letters in Roman equivalents; the indeterminate vowel represented generally by e (and according to Dutch spelling, ancient and modern, u represented by oe, y by i, j by dj, ch by tj, kh by ch).
