A Practical Malay Grammar
Shellabears's
Practical
Malay Grammar
A
PRACTICAL
MALAY GRAMMAR
COMPILED BY
REV. W. G. SHELLABEAR,
MISSIONARY OK THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH
LATE ROYAL ENGINEERS.
Author of "A Malay-English Vocabulary"; "The Evolution of
Malay Spelling;" etc., etc.
THIRD EDITION.
SINGAPORE
PRINTED AT THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE,
1912.
PREFACE.
This work, as its name implies, is intended as a practical aid to English-speaking people in their efforts to acquire a knowledge of the Malay language.
People naturally find it easier to grasp a new language if its grammatical construction is explained as far as possible in the same phraseology and on the same lines as they have been accustomed to in learning their own and other languages. This grammar has therefore been arranged mainly on the usual plan of the grammars of European languages, and all philological investigations and scientific theories of the language have been intentionally avoided, as being beyond the scope of a “Practical Grammar.”
By means of a progressive series of exercises, the attention of the student is directed chiefly towards the construction of Malay sentences. The advantage of this plan will be recognised when it is remembered that the chief object which most learners have in view is not to read Malay books, but to form sentences and to speak the language. The exercises should of course be written without any other assistance than the vocabulary which accompanies each lesson, and the mistakes made should then be corrected by comparison with the Key, which will be found on page 68 and the following pages. A short series of Reading Exercises are given at the end of the Grammar, but they are intended as examples of Malay construction rather than for practice in reading.
It is perhaps as well to caution the student at the outset against those corruptions of the language which have come into use to a great extent among the mixed populations of the large towns. The chief of these are the use of the verb kaseh or kasi in the Southern Settlements, and bhagi in Penang and Province Wellesley, as auxiliaries for the formation of transitive verbs, and the continual use of the possessive participle punya. Both of these are Chinese constructions, and in the Malay language they are quite unnecessary and very clumsy.
Methodist Episcopal Mission, Singapore,
November 1899.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
The steady demand for this Malay Grammar having necessitated the printing of a second edition, the whole book has been carefully revised, and a few verbal alterations made.
Paragraph 101, on the use of the prefix m, has been rewritten; and a more complete list of compound words has been substituted for the old list in Lesson XXVII. This latter change has been made possible owing to the publication of my Malay-English Vocabulary, to which the student is referred where the compounds formed with any particular word are very numerous.
Malacca, July 1904.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PRONUNCIATION AND ORTHOGRAPHY |
1 |
LESSONS:―
| I. | The Article, Substantives and Adjectives |
4 |
| II. | Personal Pronouns |
5 |
The Possessive Case |
6 |
Possessive Pronouns |
7 |
| III. | Demonstrative Pronouns |
8 |
Interrogative Pronouns |
8 |
| IV. | Relative Pronouns |
9 |
Reflective Pronouns |
10 |
| V. | Adverbs |
11 |
| VI. | Prepositions |
12 |
Conjunctions |
12 |
| VII. | Numerals |
13 |
Fractional numbers |
14 |
Collective numbers |
14 |
| VIII. | Time |
15 |
| IX. | The Verbs |
16 |
Auxillaries |
17 |
| X. | The Verb Ada |
19 |
| XI. | Questions and Answers |
21 |
| XII. | Negative Auxillaries and the use of Negatives |
23 |
| XIII. | The Verbs Sudah and Habis |
25 |
The Verb Kna |
26 |
The Verb Bri |
26 |
| XIV. | Formation of the Plural |
27 |
Numeral Co-officients or Classifiers |
28 |
| XV. | Gender |
30 |
Comparison of Adjectives |
30 |
| XVI. | Derivative Verbs: Intransitive and Transitive |
32 |
| XVII. | The Prefix m |
34 |
| XVIII. | The Passive Voice |
36 |
The Prefix ter |
37 |
| XIX. | The Prefix ber |
38 |
| XX. | Derivative Nouns (a) The Prefix p |
40 |
(b) The Prefix p and Suffix an |
40 |
(c) The Prefix per and Suffix an |
41 |
| XXI. | (d) The Suffix an |
43 |
(e) The Prefix k |
43 |
(f) The Prefix k and Suffix an |
43 |
(g) The Prefix ber and Suffix an |
44 |
(h) The Suffix an with Reduplication |
44 |
| XXII. | Interjections |
46 |
Punctuation Words |
46 |
Compound Sentences: Adjectival Clauses |
47 |
| XXIII. | Adverbial Clauses |
48 |
| XXIV. | The Use of Prepositions |
51 |
| XXV. | Elementary Malay Idioms |
55 |
Polite Phrases |
57 |
The Use of Bharu |
57 |
The Use of Juga |
58 |
| XXVI. | Words of Similar Meaning |
60 |
| XXVII. | Compound Words |
63 |
| XXVIII. | Religious Terms |
65 |
| XXIX. | The Mohammedan Calendar |
68 |
READING EXCERCISES |
70 |
KEY TO THE EXERCISES |
78 |
PRONUNCIATION AND ORTHOGRAPHY.
For writing their own language the Malays have borrowed their characters from the Arabs. Those who intend to make a thorough study of the Malay language and literature will therefore find it necessary to learn to read the Arabic character. But for the majority of those who wish to learn the rudiments of the Malay language the difficulty of obtaining any fluency in reading a new character often appears so great as even to discourage them from making a beginning. For this reason the Malay words in this grammar are all printed in Roman letters. The system of romanising adopted is the same as has been used in Shellabear's Vocabulary, the Triglot Vocabulary, the Straits Vocabulary, Straits Dialogues, Malay and English School Primer, and all the other Malay publications of the Methodist Publishing House. This system is essentially the same as that which has been universally adopted for romanising the Amoy and Swatow and other dialects of the Chinese language.
Vowels.
The five vowels have the continental sounds:―
a as in father. o as in hole. e as the ey in they. u as in rude. i as in ravine.
In addition to the above there is in Malay, as in nearly all oriental languages, another simple vowel sound which is often called “the short vowel sound.” In the different systems of romanising, this short vowel sound has been variously represented by a, ǎ, e, ě, u, and ŭ, but all of these different methods of representing this vowel sound are open to the great objection that they mislead both Europeans and natives into giving it an incorrect pronunciation. Experience has shown that the best way to spell words containing the short vowel sound, with a view to helping the student to a correct pronunciation, is to omit the vowel altogether. This omission of the short vowel is the peculiar feature of the system of romanising used in this grammar. The exact sound of this "short vowel" can only be learnt by ear; it does not occur in any English word of one syllable, but is almost identical with the half-vowel sound in the first syllable of such words as “machine,” and “balloon.” When two consonants come together without a vowel between, the first consonant must be considered as having the short or inherent vowel sound, and is therefore sounded separately, as, l-kas, t-pi, b-bal, etc. The double consonants ch, kh, sh, ng, and ny are of course exceptions to this rule, as they stand for single sounds. Where the single consonants k and h, or s and h would come together, the vowel a is inserted to avoid confusion with the double consonants kh, sh, as in kahandak, sahaja, etc.; in the word negri, however, it has been thought best to retain the conventional method of spelling with an e. When three consonants come together, the first two usually form a closed syllable, and the third commences the second syllable, as in the words mm-baiki, rn-dah, pn-ja-ra, in a few cases, however, each consonant must be given its inherent vowel sound, as, m-l-top, p-n-bus, s-d-kah, but such words are so few in number that they present very little difficulty.
In regard to the vowels a, e, i, o, u, it may be remarked that in open syllables the vowel sound has always a greater degree of intensity than in closed syllables. For instance, in the word padang the a in the first syllable, pa, is pronounced much broader than in the second syllable. In the word gigit, the i in gi has a stronger sound than in the second syllable git, where it has more the sound of i in “bit.” Similarly in the words bodoh and turut there is more stress on the open syllables bo and tu than on the closed syllables doh and rut; whereas in such words as pada, gigi, jodo and susu there is an equal heavy stress on both syllables; and so also in such words as panjang, chinchin, pondok, bungkus, where both syllables are closed, the stress is equal in the two syllables, but is much lihgter than in open syllables, and the vowel therefore appears to have a shorter sound.
It should perhaps he remarked here that English-speaking persons have a strong tendency to mispronounce the Malay vowel a, by giving it the short English sound; for instance, one often hears the word api pronounced something like the English word “happy,” only without the h, and the first syllable of panjang is often pronounced like the English word “pan,” and the second syllable is pronounced so that it would rhyme with “bang.” Such short a sounds do not exist at all in the Malay language, and should be very carefully avoided. The first syllable of panjang should be pronounced more like the English word “pun,” and the second syllable should be made to rhyme with the English word “young.”
The sound o or u in the last syllable of many words is not quite the same as either the o or the u sound given above. but is about half way between those sounds, so that some persons write an o and others a u; for instance, one may write either ukor or ukur, rambot or rambut, jmpot or jmput. It matters little which way such words are written; their true pronunciation can only be learnt from a Malay. When two vowels come together, both must be sounded, but the first must be run into the second; thus au becomes very nearly the sound of ow in “cow,” as pisau, mau; and ai has almost the sound of the English i in “ice” as as sungai, pakai, kdai.
Consonants.
The consonants in Malay are pronounced as in English, except that the r should always be sounded much more clearly and with more of a ring than in English. The consonant ng represents a single sound in Malay, and should be pronounced like the ng in “singer,” never as in “single;” the latter sound is represented in Malay by ngg, thus: si-nga, and sing-gah. So also ungu is not un-gu, but u-ngu. Final k in Malay is not sounded, but the syllable in which it occurs must be pronounced very short indeed, and the breath drawn in so as to produce the shortening of the sound. The apostrophe at the end of a syllable indicates a similar abrupt sound. When the apostrophe is found between two vowels, it indicates that they should be pronounced separately, as, perkata'an, mula'i. Final h has also the effect of shortening the last syllable, but not more than half as much as final k.
In the transliteration of the purely Arabic letters no distinction has been made between ت and س ;ط and ح ;ص and ه; or ق and ﻚ. The other Arabic letters have been transliterated as follows:― ث th, خ kh, ذ dh, ز z, ش sh, ض dl, ظ tl, غ gh, ف f. The nasal letter ع which changes its sound according to the vowel written with it, is represented by a rough breathing (‘) placed before the vowel. The hyphen is used to separate from the words to which they are attached those prefixes, suffixes, and other particles which do not form an integral part of the word itself. These are: the preposition k-, the abbreviated numeral s-, the passive prefix di-, the pronominal suffixes, -ku, -mu, and -yu, and the particles, -lah, -kah, nah, -tah. The preposition di is distinguished from the passive prefix di- by the absence of the hyphen.
LESSON I.
The Article, Substantives and Adjectives.
1. There is no indefinite article in Malay. The adjective always follows the substantive which it qualifies.
rumah, a house. bsar, big, large. kuda, a horse. kuat, strong. orang, a man. baik, good.
rumah bsar, a large house.
kuda kuat, a strong horse.
orang baik, a good man.
2. Properly speaking there is also no definite article in Malay, but the demonstrative pronoun itu, that, is sometimes used to supply this deficiency, and follows the noun or adjective.
kuda or kuda itu, the horse.
orang kuat or orang kuat itu, the strong man.
3. In simple sentences, in which the subject is a substantive and the predicate an adjective, two constructions are commonly used:
a. The subject is placed first, followed by the demonstrative pronoun itu, and the adjective is placed at the end of the sentence, as
rumah itu bsar, the house is large.
b. The adjective is placed first, usually followed by the expletive suffix -lah (which is untranslatable, and is merely used for emphasis), and the substantive followed by the demonstrative pronoun or some other part of speech is placed at the end of the sentence, as,
baik-lah orang itu, the man is good.
bsar kuda itu, the horse is big.
This construction is more emphatic than the former.
4. In Malay there is no declension of either substantives or adjectives.
5. The verb “to be” is seldom expressed in such simple Malay sentences as are dealt with in the early chapters of this grammar, and should not be translated. Lesson X is devoted to the use of the Malay verb ada.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
ADJECTIVES. |
| ayer, water. | baik, good. |
| budak, boy, girl. | bsar, big, large. |
| baju, coat. | bharu, now. |
| hari, day. | jahat, bad. |
| jalan, road. | kchil, small. |
| kuda, horse. | kuat, strong. |
| orang, person, man. | lurus, straight. |
| pintu, door, gate. | malas, lazy. |
| raja, king. | panas, hot. |
| rumah, house. | panjang, long. |
| surat, letter. | pendek, short. |
| sjuk, cold. |
EXERCISE I.
1 A great king. 2 A short letter. 3 The big door. 4 A new coat. 5 The bad person. 6 The road is straight. 7 The day was hot. 8 A horse is strong. 9 The water was cold. 10 The new coat is long. 11 The small boy was lazy. 12 The long road is good. 13 The big horse is strong.
LESSON II.
Personal Pronouns.
6. The following are the personal pronouns most commonly in use:
a. When addressing an inferior in rank or a familiar friend
| Singular, | 1st | person, | aku. |
| 2nd | ,, | dia or ia. | |
| 3rd | ,, | dia or ia. | |
| Plural, | 1st | person, | kita or kami. |
| 2nd | ,, | kamu. | |
| 3rd | ,, | dia, dia orang, or orang itu. |
b. When addressing a superior, or an equal in rank,
| Singular, | 1st | person, | sahya. |
| 2nd | ,, | tuan. | |
| 3rd | ,, | dia or ia. | |
| Plural. | The same as above. | ||
8. The use of the 2nd person pronoun is avoided as far as possible. The name or rank, or the relation which the person addressed bears to the speaker, being substituted. Thus a Malay would say, “John is a big boy,” rather than “You are a big boy.”
9. Ia is seldom used in conversation. In writing, ia is generally used for the subject, and dia for the object. Orang added to the pronoun of the 3rd person forms the plural, but the plural need not be expressed unless ambiguity would arise from the use of the simple pronoun dia.
10. The Straits-born Chinese use the Chinese pronouns, goa, I, and lu, you, when conversing among themselves, and it has become common among Europeans in the Straits to use the pronoun lu when addressing the Chinese and Tamils. A Malay should never be addressed by this pronoun lu, which would be considered as an affront.
The Possessive Case.
11. When one substantive is placed immediately after another, the second substantive is in the possessive case. Thus:
baju raja, the king's coat.
Similarly a pronoun placed immediately after a noun is in the possessive case, as,
rumah sahya, my house.
12. The possessive case may also be formed by placing the possessive particle punya after either a noun or prononn; the noun or pronoun signifying the possessor then precedes the noun signifying the thing possessed, as,
raja punya baju, the king's coat.
sahya punya rumah, my house.
NOTE.―The first method of expressing the possessive case should be generally used, but when the object possessed is qualified by an adjective it is more convenient to use punya. The frequent use of punya, however, is a Chinese idiom, and, though common with the Straits-born Chinese, should be avoided by Europeans who wish to speak with any approach to correctness.
Possessive Pronouns.
13. Properly speaking the only possessive pronouns in Malay are the suffixes -ku, mine; -mu, yours; and -nya, his or theirs. These are all joined by a hyphen to the noun expressing the thing possessed, as,
baju-ku, any coat.
rumah-mu, your house.
kuda-nya, his horse.
Of these only -nya is used in conversation; -ku and -mu being only used in written compositions.
14. All personal pronouns become possessive pronouns when placed after the noun expressing the object possessed, or by the addition of the possessive particle punya, as explained above in paragraph 12.
15. When the substantive which the possessive pronoun qualifies is omitted or understood, or when the possessive pronoun completes the predicate of a sentence, the form punya must be used, as,
dia-lah sahya punya, it is mine.
rumah itu dia punya, the house is his.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
ADJECTIVES. |
| anak, child. | hitam, black. |
| bapa, father. | kaya, rich. |
| binatang, animal. | kosong, empty. |
| kreta, cart, carriage. | miskin, poor. |
| kaki, leg, foot. | pandai, clever. |
| laut, sea. | puteh, white. |
| lmbu, bullock. | tinggi, high, tall. |
| pti, box. | sakit, sore, sick. |
| tangan, hand. | |
| tuan, master. |
PRONOUNS.
| aku, sahya, I, me. | dia, ia, he, she, her, him. |
| kita, kami, we, us. | dia, dia orang, orang itu, they, them. |
| angkau, tuan, kamu, you. | |
| -ku, aku punya, etc. my, mine. | -mu, angkau punya, etc. your, yours. |
| kita punya, kami punya, our, ours. | dia punya, -nya, his, her, hers, their, theirs. |
EXERCISE II.
1 I am a great king. 2 You are a small child. 3 My carriage is new. 4 Your black horse is strong. 5 You are rich, we are poor. 6 Sea water. 7 The child's hand. 8 Bullock cart. 9 I am the child of the king of Malacca. 10 The animal's foot is sore. 11 He is my master. 12 They are clever. 13 His coat is white. 14 Their boy is tall. 15 The empty box is yours. 16 The hot water is theirs. 17 The small boy is hers.
LESSON III.
Demonstrative Pronouns.
16. The demonstrative pronouns in Malay are: itu, that, those; ini, this, these. They can both be used either as adjectives or as true pronouns; when used as adjectives they follow the noun which they qualify. Examples:
| itu-lah dia, that is he. |
| anak ini, this child. |
17. The following are also demonstrative pronouns, but cannot be used as adjectives:
ia'itu,
dia'itu,
they, that, the same. ia'ini, this, this one.
These forms are more emphatic than the above; examples:
kuda kchil, ia'itu-lah baik, small horses, (they) are the good ones.
ia'ini anak orang kaya, this one is the rich man's child.
Interrogative Pronouns.
18. The following are the interrogative pronouns, in Malay: apa, what; siapa, who; mana, which, what; apa macham, what kind of.
19. Only mana, and apa macham can be used as adjectives. Mana is also an adverb, meaning “where?” When used as an interrogative pronoun it must follow the noun. Apa macham may either precede or follow the noun. Apa and siapa cannot be joined to a noun.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
ADJECTIVES. |
| ayam, fowl. | berseh, clean. |
| buah, fruit. | kotoh, dirty. |
| ikan, fish. | kras, hard. |
| kain, cloth, clothes. | mahal, dear. |
| kayu, wood. | merah, red. |
| kursi, chair. | tempang, lame. |
| kuki, cook. | |
| mangkok, cup. | PRONOUNS. |
| meja, table. | itu, that, those. |
| tlor, egg. | ini, this, these. |
| topi, hat. | ia’itu, dia itu, they, that. |
| tukang, workman. | ia’ini, this, this one. |
| apa? what? | |
| siapa? who? | |
| mana? which? what? | |
| apa macham? what kind of? |
EXERCISE III.
1 This is your chair. 2 This table is dear. 3 This cup is dirty. 4 This is a clean cloth. 5 This is red-wood, that is hard. 6 This one is the lame man. 7 What is that? 8 That is a hen's egg. 9 Who is this man? 10 This is my new cook. 11 Which man is lame? 12 Whose hat is this? 13 Which fruit is that? 14 What kind of fish is this? 15 Whose dirty clothes are these? 16 Who is that workman? 17 What is that fruit?
LESSON IV.
Relative Pronouns.
20. The relative pronouns in Malay are:
yang, who, what, which, that.
mana yang, whichever.
barang yang, what, that which.
barang apa, what, whatever.
barang siapa, he who, whoever.
barang siapa yang, he who, whoever.
The last four forms are used only when the noun is not expressed.
21. In Malay yang is often used between the noun and the adjective which qualifies it, where no relative pronoun is required in English, as, orang yang baik, a good man, literally, a “man who is good.” Yang must be used before the adjective when the noun is a compound word, as, tukang kayu yang pandai, a clever carpenter.
Reflective Pronouns.
22. Reflective pronouns in Malay are formed from the personal pronouns by the addition of sndiri or diri, self. Sndiri is placed after the pronoun, and diri before the pronoun, as sahya sndiri, diri sahya, diri kita, etc. Sndiri is more commonly used in conversation than diri.
23. Sndiri and diri sometimes stand by themselves. They are then impersonal and mean “one's self.” In some cases the personal pronoun is understood but not expressed.
24. The pronominal suffixes, -ku, -mu, -nya, may be joined to either sndiri or diri, thus,
diri-nya, or sndiri-nya, himself, his own.
The possessive case may be formed as usual by the use of punya, or by placing the reflective pronoun after the noun, as,
rumah kita sndiri,
kita sndiri punya rumah,
our own house.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
ADJECTIVES. |
| barang, thing. | bengkok, bent. |
| bsi, iron. | bodoh, stupid. |
| garfu, fork. | brani, brave. |
| kbun, garden. | gmok, fat. |
| kueh, cake, pudding. | manis, sweet. |
| pisau, knife. | marah, angry. |
| sendok, spoon. | masak, ripe. |
| tukang bsi, blacksmith. | mati, dead. |
| tukang kayu, carpenter. | salah, wrong. |
| tukang kbun, gardener. | tajam, sharp. |
PRONOUNS.
| yang, who, what, which, that. | barang siapa yang, he who, whoever | |||
| mana yang, whichever. | ||||
| barang yang, what, that which. | sndiri, diri, self. | |||
| barang apa, what, whatever. |
| |||
| barang siapa, he who, whoever. |
EXERCISE IV.
1 What is mine is yours. 2 Whoever is angry is wrong. 3 It is the gardener who is lazy. 4 Which is the fork that is bent? 5 This is a clever blacksmith. 6 Whichever is ripe is good. 7 Which man is dead? 8 This is the cake which is sweet. 9 That is the fat boy. 10 It is I myself who am angry. 11 You are brave yourself. 12 The carpenter himself is stupid. 13 His own knife is sharp. 14 This is your own spoon. 15 This fork is your own.
LESSON V.
Adverbs.
25. The following are some of the more common adverbs, which will be used in subsequent exercises:
Adverbs of Time.
| skarang, now. |
| |||
| bila, when. | ||||
| kmdian, afterwards. | dhulu, before. | |||
| besok, esok, to-morrow. | klmarin, yesterday. | |||
| lkas, quickly. | tadi, just now. |
Adverbs of Place.
| sini, here. | sana, there. |
| mana, where. | dalam, inside. |
| luar, outside. | atas, above. |
| bawah, below. | sblah, beside. |
| dkat, near. | jauh, far. |
| hampir, almost. | blakang, behind. |
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
ADJECTIVES. |
| bras, rice (uncooked). | kring, dry. |
| nasi, rice (cooked). | kurus, thin. |
| padi, rice (in the husk). | sdia, ready. |
| tmpat, place. | snang, convenient. |
EXERCISE V.
LESSON VI.
Prepositions.
26. The more common prepositions are:
| di, at. | deri, from (places). |
| k-, to. | deri-pada, from (persons). |
| pada, k-pada, to. | oleh, by. |
| sama, serta, dngan, with. | bagi, for. |
27. Many of the adverbs of place given in paragraph 25 are used as prepositions in combination with di, k-, and deri, as:
| di dalam, inside. | di atas, upon. |
| k-dalam, into. | k'atas, on to. |
| deri dalam, from inside. | deri atas, from above. |
Conjunctions.
28. The following are the principal conjunctions:
| dan, and. | atau, or. |
| pun, and, also. | kalau, if. |
| juga, also. | kerna, for. |
| ttapi, but. | sbab, because. |
| mlainkan, but, excepting. | spaya, in order that. |
| deri-pada, than. |
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
ADVERBS. | |||
| bakul, basket. | barang-kali, perhaps. | |||
| bangsal, shed. |
| |||
| blanja, expenses. | ||||
| daging, flesh, meat. | bgimana, how? | |||
| daging kambing, mutton. | bgini, like this, thus. | |||
| daging lmbu, beef. | bgitu, like that, so. | |||
| herga, value, price. | brapa, how many? how much? | |||
| kambing, goat. | brapa banyak, how much (quantity). | |||
| kawan, goat. | ||||
| kdai, shop. | brapa herga, how much? (price) | |||
| roti, bread. | chukop, enough.
| |||
ADVERBS |
slalu, always. | |||
| jarang, seldom. | sperti, like. | |||
| klmarin dhulu, day before yesterday. | terlalu, terlampau, too, very. | |||
| tntu, certainly. | ||||
| k-mari, hither, here. | ||||
| knapa, mngapa, why. | ADJECTIVES. | |||
| kurang, less. | bulat, round | |||
| lagi, lbeh, more. | kasar, coarse, rough. | |||
| lusa, day after to-morrow. | lmbot, soft. | |||
| sahaja, only. | murah, cheap. | |||
| skali, quite. |
EXERCISE VI
1 Whence is this friend of yours? 2 Where is the basket which was here just now? 3 On the round table with the bread and meat. 4 My father's shop is far from here. 5 If it is coarse, it will certainly be cheap. 6 How much is this mutton? 7 How many goats are there in the shed? 8 Why is this bread so hard? 9 How much were your expenses yesterday? 10 How is it that this beef is so soft?
LESSON VII.
Numerals.
29. The cardinal numbers in Malay are:
| satu or s-, one. | anam, six. |
| dua, two. | tujoh, seven. |
| tiga, three. | dlapan, eight. |
| ampat, four. | smbilan, nine. |
| lima, five. | s-puloh, ten. |
These may either precede or follow the noun.
30. The addition of blas to the numerals from one to nine forms those from eleven to nineteen, as: s-blas, dua-blas, etc. up to smbilan-blas.
31. Multiples of ten are formed similarly by the addition of puloh, as: s-puloh, dua-puloh, etc., up to smbilan-puloh.
32. The units satu to smbilan are placed after the tens to form the intermediate numbers above twenty, as: dua-puloh-satu, dua-puloh-dua, etc. 33. The hundreds, ratus, thousands, ribu, tens of thousands, laksa, hundreds of thousands, kti, and millions, juta, are treated in precisely the same way. No conjunctions are required between numerals. Thus s-juta dua-kti liga-laksa ampat-ribu lima-ratus anam-puloh-tujoh would represent 1,234,567.
34. The ordinal numbers are formed from the cardinals by means of the word yang, corresponding to the definite article in English, and by prefixing k to the cardinals, as, yang kdua, yang k-tiga-blas, yang k'ampat-puloh.
The only exception to this rule is that yang pertama is always used for “first.”
When used as adjectives the ordinal numbers follow the noun.
Without the yang, the forms kdua, ktiga, k'ampat, etc., mean “both,” “all three,” “all four,” etc. Example: k'ampat-puloh-nya, the whole forty.
Fractional Numbers.
35. A half is expressed by tngah or s-tngah or sparoh, and a quarter by suku, or s-suku; all other fractions are formed from the cardinal numbers by means of the prefix per, thus:
S-pertiga, a third; tiga-perampat, three fourths; ampat perpuloh, four tenths; etc.
Collective Numbers.
36. The following are the collective numbers in Malay:
| pasang, pair, comple. |
| dusin, dozen. |
| kodi, score. |
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
NOUNS. |
| batu, stone, mile. | jauh, distance. |
| brat, weight. | kasut, shoe. |
| bulan, moon, month. | kayu, roll of cloth. |
| dalam, depth. | kodi, score. |
| dpa, fathom. | pasang, pair, couple. |
| batu, stone, mile. | jauh, distance. |
| ela, yard. | ringgit, dolar. |
| gaji, wages. | sblah kanan, right. |
| greja, church. | sblah kiri, left. |
| hutang, debt. | tali, string, rope. |
NOTE. In expressing quantities, dimensions or weights, the Malay idiom requires the words banyak, panjang, tinggi, dalam, brat, jauh, etc., to be used as nouns; thus, “it weighs a pikul,” satu pikul brat-nya, literally, one pikul its weight; “two feet high,” dua kaki tinggi-nya. In the same way lama-nya must always be used when stating durations of time, as, dua bulan lama-nya, two months.
EXERCISE VII.
1 My debt is twenty dollars. 2 Two white stones and eleven black. 3 Three pair of shoes. 4 His wages are fourteen dollars a month. 5 How long is this string? 6 Two fathoms. 7 How many yards of cloth are there in this roll? 8 This church is one hundred and forty-five feet in height. 9 The depth of this sea is twelve hundred fathoms. 10 A man is seldom so heavy, he would perhaps be two pikuls in weight. 11 The fourth house on the right is mine. 12 Your son's land is distant three-quarters of a mile from the sea.
LESSON VIII.
Time.
37. Time is expressed in Malay by the use of the word pukol (which literally means strike), for the hours of the clock; thus, pukol tiga, three o'clock. Suku, s-tngah, and tiga-suku are used for the quarters and half hours, and are placed after the, hours, without a conjunction; thus, pukol tiga suku, pukol ampat s-tngah, etc.
38. The minutes from the hour to the half hour follow the same rule as the quarter and half hours; thus, pukol lima dua puloh minit, twenty minutes past five.
39. The minutes from the half hour to the hour are expressed by subtracting them from the following hour by the use of the word kurang, less; the minutes are usually given first, and then the hour, thus, kurang s-puloh minit pukol anam, ten minutes to six. The third quarter may also be expressed in the same way, as, kurang suku pukol tujoh, a quarter to seven.
40. Future intervals of time are expressed by the use of the adverbs lagi, more, and lpas, after; thus, lagi s-puloh minit pukol dlapan, in ten minutes it will be eight o'clock; lpas tiga hari tahun bharu, in three days more it will be the new year. 41. Past intervals of time are expressed by sudah, which, when used in this sense, has no English equivalent. Examples: sudah ampat hari orang itu mati, that man has been dead four days; sudah brapa lama tuan sdia? how long have you been ready? lama sudah, a long time.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
ADVERBS. |
| hujan, rain. | pagi-pagi, early. |
| jam, hour. | pukol brapa? what time is it? |
| pagi, morning. | |
| papan, plank. | sampai, until. |
| tahun, afternoon. | |
| tngah hari, noon. | ADJECTIVES. |
| tngah malam, midnight. | basah, wet. |
PRONOUN. |
glap, dark. |
| orang, one (indef. pron.). | lama, old (of things). |
ADVERBS. |
lambat, late, slow. |
| ini hari, to-day. | pnat, tired, weary. |
| lama, long (of time). | tua, old (of living creatures). |
EXERCISE VIII.
1 What time is it now. 2 Nearly one o'clock. 3 It has been dark a long time. 4 How much longer will it rain like this? 5 How long have these planks been wet like this? 6 Two hours and three quarters. 7 A quarter to three. 8 As late as this one is sure to be tired. 9 Twenty-five minutes to twelve. 10 This morning at half past four. 11 Three o'clock in the afternoon. 12 From noon until twenty minutes past four.
LESSON IX.
The Verb.
42. Verbs in Malay may be divided into two classes, primitive and derivative.
Primitive verbs are those which are verbs in their root forms.
Derivative verbs are formed from roots which may be verbs, substantives, adjectives, or any other parts of speech, by the addition of prefixes or suffixes, or both.
The verb has generally the same position in the sentence as in English. 43. Primitive verbs may be either transitive or intransitive, as,
| pergi, go. | panggil, call. |
44. The verb in its simple form is best considered as being in the imperative second person, that being the only part of the verb which in all cases be expressed without the use of prefix, suffix, auxiliary verb or particle.
Auxiliaries.
45. The following auxiliary verbs or particles are used to express the tenses, or as auxiliaries proper:
ada, is, are.
tiada, is not, will not.
sudah, was, did, has, had.
tlah, was, did, has, had, (only used in writing).
akan, will, shall, would, should.
mau, will, shall, would, should.
hndak, will, shall, would, should.
boleh, can, could, may, might.
dapat, can, could, may, might.
patut, ought.
46. These auxiliaries precede the verb, but may be placed either before or after the subject of the sentence, as,
sahya sudah pergi,
sudah sahya pergi,
I went.
47. In conversation, primitive verbs following an auxiliary frequently remain in the simple root form. The prefixes required by a more correct style, and almost invariably used in written composition, will be dealt with later.
48. The auxiliaries are frequently found in sentences where there is no verb, in such cases the copula or some verb is implied, as:
angkau hndak k-mana? whither are you (going).
ikan ini sudah busok, this fish has (become) bad.
lagi dua hari nanti masak, in two days it will (be) ripe.
The above mentioned auxiliaries should not be used to express past or future tenses when the tense is evident from the context.
Peculiar use of some verbs in this lesson.
49. The way in which some Malay verbs are used differs so much from the English idiom that their use requires explanation. (a) There are two words in Malay for “go”:
jalan describes the action of going as being in progress, as,
jalan lkas, go quickly, that is, go at a rapid pace.
pergi views the going as a single action, as,
pergi lkas, go quickly, that is, go immediately.
(b) The words pergi and jalan cannot be used in such expressions as, go in, go out, go up, go down, go home, etc., each of these ideas being expressed by a single Malay word, as follows, masok, kluar, naik, turun, pulang. Each of these five words expresses the idea of coming as well as going; they must therefore also be used for come in, come out, etc.
(c) In Malay the object when it is a pronoun is often omitted: as, sahya sudah dapat, I have found it. Similarly such words as “some” and “one” are not translated when they form the object of the sentence; as, pergi chari, go and look for one; sahya sudah kirim, I have sent some.
(d) In Malay no conjunctions need be used between verbs, as, pergi panggil, go and call him; naik turun, rising and falling.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. |
suka, rejoice, be glad, like. |
| bangun, rise, get up. | suroh, order, tell. |
| chari, seek, look for. | tinggal, reside, remain, live. |
| dapat, find, get, receive. | trima, receive. |
| fikir, think. | turun, go down, come down. |
| jatoh, fall. | |
| kirim, send (small things). | NOUNS. |
| kluar, go out, come out. | bukit, hill. |
| masok, enter, go in, come in. | jarom, needle. |
| naik, go up, come up. | lobang, hole. |
| nanti, wait. | mata, eye. |
| panggil, call, send for. | pasar, market. |
| pergi, go. | prigi, well. |
| pindah, move, change position. | negri, town. |
| pulang, go home, come home. |
EXERCISE IX.
1 If you go too quickly you will perhaps fall. 2 Call the cook and tell him to come up. 3 Tell the carpenter to wait here. 4 I think he has not yet returned from the market. 5 I want to get up at a quarter to six to-morrow morning. 6 A rat could go into that hole. 7 Send this letter to your father, he will certainly be glad to receive it. 8 I am going to move from this town. 9 I have lived here for thirteen years. 10 You ought to look for a well on this hill. 11 I have looked, but have not yet found one. 12 This is the man who went into your house the day before yesterday. 13 I have not looked for it yet.
LESSON X.
The Verb “ada.”
50. The verb ada is not by any means the exact equivalent of the English verb “to be.”
We have already seen that when the verb “to be” is the copula, and has no other value than to assert some attribute of the noun, it is not expressed in Malay.
Whenever the verb “to be” asserts presence or existence it must be expressed by ada, as,
ada orang dalam rumah, there is a man in the house.
51. Owing to the fact that ada has this somewhat restricted meaning, it is sufficient in itself to express presence, where in English it is necessary to use such words as “here” or “present”; thus, “Your carriage is here,” should be translated simply tuan punya kreta ada.
52. Ada is often used impersonally where in English the verb “to have” is used; for instance, “if you have a knife” should be translated kalau ada pisau, literally "if there is a knife"; “I have a knife,” pisau ada, etc. If it is necessary to express the pronoun or the noun, the same construction may be used with the addition of the preposition pada, thus, ada dua pasang kasut pada-ya, he has two pair of shoes. Colloquially sama is often used in place of pada, as, surat itu ada sama tuan, you have the letter.
53. When used as an auxiliary verb, ada expresses continuance of action, as,
orang ada datang, people are coming.
54. Ada introduces a subject, and is then placed at the beginning of the sentence, and means “there was,” “it happened that,” and so forth.
ada dua orang yang pergi itu,
there were two men who went.
ada-lah nama raja itu, Raja Ahmad,
now the name of that king was Raja Ahmad.
ada tiga bulan lama-nya aku diam di-sini,
I have lived here for three months.
Peculiar use of some verbs in this lesson.
55. (a) English people frequently use the words ambil and bawa wrongly. This probably arises from the fact that the English word “take” has a double meaning, and in vocabularies ambil is usually given as “take,” and bawa as “bring.” It should be remembered, however, that ambil only means “take” in the sense of “receive,” and never in the sense of convey. “Take,” in the sense of “convey,” is bawa. But bawa means to convey in any direction, and therefore stands for “bring” as well as “take.” Where it is necessary to specify the direction in which anything is to be conveyed some other word must be added to bawa, as: bawa sini, bring it here; bawa sana, take it there; bawa pergi, take it away.
(b) If the object to be conveyed is not already in the hands of the person who is to convey it, it is usual in Malay to combine the words ambil or angkat with bawa, as, ambil bawa masok, take it and take it in; angkat bawa pulang, lift it and take it home.
(c) “Get,” in the sense of “obtain,” is dapat, but when it means “fetch” it should be translated by the word ambil.
NOUNS. |
NOUNS. |
| abang, elder brother. | tikar, mat. |
| adek, younger brother or sister. | tpong, flour. |
| tukang jahit, tailor. | |
| bilek, room. | tukang kasut, shoemaker. |
| bunga, flower. | |
| changkol, hoe. | VERBS. |
| China, Chinese. | ambil, fetch, take, get. |
| dapur, oven, kitchen. | angkat, lift, take up, carry. |
| kakak, elder sister. | bawa, take, bring, convey. |
| payong, umbrella. | bli, buy. |
| pisang, banana. | dudok, sit. |
| plita, lamp. | jahit, sew. |
| sdikit, a little. | jual, sell. |
EXERCISE X.
1 There is a lamp in your room. 2 There is a little flour in it. 3 If there are bananas at the market, tell the cook to buy some. 4 The shoemaker is sitting outside. 5 How many persons are present to-day? 6 Your tailor is here now. 7 There was a Chinaman in the kitchen just now. 8 For three weeks my elder brother has been ill. 9 The gardener has the hoe. 10 If you have an umbrella go and get it. 11 Take these flowers to your elder sister. 12 Take that mat outside. 13 Go and get my shoes. 14 A man is bringing them.
LESSON XI.
Questions and Answers.
56. The interrogative form may be obtained by adding the suffix -kah to the auxiliary verb or any emphatic word in the sentence, as,
boleh-kah angkau datang? can you come?
57. When the sentence contains an interrogative adverb or pronoun, the suffix -kah is seldom used, as,
kapal deri mana ini? whence is this ship?
apa nama kayu ini? what is the name of this tree?
58. In conversation, the interrogation is usually expressed by the tone of voice, and the frequent use of the suffix -kah should be avoided.
59. The word “yes,” ya, is very seldom used in Malay in reply to an interrogation. A reply in the affirmative may be expressed in several different ways. If the question contains an auxiliary verb, the repetition of the auxiliary expresses the affirmative, as,
kapal sudah sampai-kah? has the ship arrived?
sudah, yes.
60. Similarly the verb or some emphatic word in the question may be repeated, as,
mau hujan-kah? will it rain?
hujan, tuan, yes, sir.
mem ada? is the lady at home?
ada, yes.
bsar-kah Pulau Percha itu? is Sumatra a big island?
bsar, tuan, yes.
angkau orang Mlayu-kah? are you a Malay?
sahya, yes.
This use of the personal pronoun is also very common in reply- ing to a command, and is equivalent in that case to baik or baik-lah, very well; as,
pergi panggil tukang batu, go and call a bricklayer.
sahya, very well.
For negative answers see paragraphs 66 to 69.
Peculiar use of some verbs in this Lesson.
62. (a) The verbs tahu and knal must not be confounded. Tahu signifies mental knowledge, information, Knal is to be acquainted with, to know by sight.
(b) In Malay there are three words for “come.” (1) Mari is properly only an interjectional adverb, meaning “hither,” “come hither,” but in Penang it is used as a verb. It is perhaps derived from lari, “run.” (2) Sampai is “come” only in the sense of “arrive.” (3) Dalang may be used to translate “come” in every case, except in the imperative mood, when mari should be used.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
ADJECTIVES. |
| bini, wife. | busok, rotten. |
| bola, ball. | Mlayu, Malay. |
| gudang, godown, office. | takot, afraid. |
| kampong, village. | |
| kapal, ship. | VERBS. |
| ofis, office. | datang, come. |
| pulau, island. | knal, know, be acquainted. |
| Pulau Percha, Sumatra. | main, play. |
| sais, syce. | mandi, bathe. |
| sayur, vegetables. | preksa, inquire, examine. |
| tukang batu, bricklayer. | tahu, know (as a fact). |
| tukang chukor, barber. | taroh, put, place. |
| tukang roti, baker. | |
| ubi, potato. |
EXERCISE XI.
1 Does that little boy know how to play ball? Yes, he does. 2 Can you come to my office the day after to-morrow? Yes. 3 What ship will arrive here to-morrow morning? 4 Do you know my younger brother's wife? 5 Yes. Did the syce put the old basket there? Yes, he did. 6 Is the baker here? Yes. 7 Can you get potatoes and other vegetables in this village? Yes. 8 Do you live on this hill? Yes. 9 Are you afraid? Yes, I am, sir. 10 Which is the man who was bathing just now? 11 Did you call a barber? Yes, I did.
LESSON XII.
Negative Auxiliaries, and the general use of Negatives.
63. The negatives in Malay are:
tidak and bukan, no, not, and blum, not yet.
Ta’, is merely an abbreviation of tidak, and is used in such cominon expressions as, ta’boleh, ta’dapat, ta’baik, ta’jadi; ta’guna, etc.
64. The negative auxiliaries are, tiada, is not, and jangan, do not, not to, lest.
Tiada, which is itself a contraetion of tidak ada, is further contracted in conversation to t’ada.
65. Europeans, being accustomed to only one form of negative, experience some difficulty in distinguishing between the five negatives mentioned above, and grammarians have seldom if ever made any careful distinction between them. Malays themselves, even in composition, are not absolutely consistent in the use of the negatives, but the following rules will be found to be generally applicable.
66. In replying to a question containing a verb, the direct negative is expressed by tidak. When there is an auxiliary verb in the question, it is usually repeated in the answer, and the negative tidak is then contracted to ta’, as,
boleh-kah angkan datang? can you come?
ta’ boleh, no, I can not.
67. Similarly a large number of verbs may be repeated in combination with the abbreviated negative ta’ in order to express a reply in the negative, amongst which may be mentioned the following:—ada, suka, jadi, nampak, datang, tahu, knal, masok, sampai, tahan, trima, laku, champur, jumpa, kna, dngar, etc. Examples:
tuan ada? is the master here?
tidak ada or t’ada, no.
tuan suka bli? do you wish to buy it?
ta’suka or ta’mau, no.
68. It should, however, be remarked, that Malays generally avoid giving a direct negative, by using such expressions as, blum, not yet; mana boleh, how is it possible, certainly not; kurang preksa, I have not inquired; blum tahu, I do not know yet.
69. In the negative bukan there is implied the copula “to be.” Bukan is therefore the direct negative in reply to any question in which the copula is implied in the Malay, as,
orang ini dia? is this the man?
bukan, it is not.
tuan orang Inggris? are you an Englishman?.
bukan, I am not.
70. Similarly bukan or bukan-nya is used in negative declarative sentences, and bukan-kah in negative interrogative sentences, where the copula is implied, as,
ia bukan bangsa-ku, he is not of my nationality.
bukan-kah temparg kuda ini? is not this horse lame?
71. In such sentences as described in 70, if the verb is expressed, the negative auxiliary tiada is almost invariably used, though occasionally the simple negative tidak takes its place. In conversation tiada is abbreviated to t’ada.
tiada orang datang, no person came.
tiada-kah angkau datang? are you not coming?
Tiada may itself be the verb, if it expresses presence or existence, as,
tiada-kah kuda di sini? is there no horse here?
72. Blum is much more frequently used than the English equivalent “not yet.” For instance, in reply to such questions as, “is the water boiling,” “is the fruit ripe,” the Malay would invariably say blum, where in English we should often say simply “no.” It may in fact be taken as a rule that blum must be used where there is a probability, or an intention on the part of the speaker, that the statement which now requires a negative will eventually require an affirmative. Examples:
I am not ready, sahya blum sdia.
he is unmarried, dia blum kahwin.
73. In imperative sentences, the negative is always expressed by jangan, as,
jargan datang sini lagi, do not come here any more
suroh dia jangan naik, tell him not to go up.
baik kita pergi atau jangan? shall we go or not?
In dependent clauses in which a purpose is expressed, that is to say after such conjunctions as “in order that,” “so that,” “lest,” the negative must be expressed by jangan, as,
spaya kaki-nya jangan kotor.
so that his feet should not get dirty.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
obat, medicine. |
| anjing, dog. | pagar, fence. |
| dhobi, washerman. | pokok, plant, tree. |
| ikan, fish. | |
| itek, duck. | VERBS. |
| kipas, fan. | bayar, pay |
| kmeja, shirt. | koyak, tear. |
| kolam, pond. | makan, eat. |
| kuching, cat. | minum, drink. |
| nama, name. | sewa, let for hire. |
EXERCISE XII.
1 Did the washerman tear this shirt? No sir, it was torn before. 2 Have you paid him? No. 3 Does that man know how to sew? No, he does not. 4 Are you going to eat? Oh no. 5 Do you want to buy anything? No. 6 Do you know the name of this plant? No, I don't. 7 Do you want to sell this cat? Certainly not. 8 Is this your dog? No. 9 He shut the gate of the fence so that the people should not come in. 10 Are there no fish in the pond? 11 Is not this your fan? 12 Have you eaten or not? 13 Is your house let? No. 14 Tell the cook not to buy a duck to-day.
LESSON XIII.
The verbs “Sudah” and “Habis.”
74. The use of sudah as an auxiliary verb has already been explained in paragraphs 45, 46, and 48, and its use in expressing past intervals of time in paragraph 41. As a verb proper, its meaning in the imperative is “finish,” “that is enough.” 75. Sudah may also be used in the indicative mood in the sense of “finished,” “done,” “completed,” as:
blum sudah, not yet finished.
hampir sudah, nearly finished.
But the idea of “finishing,” is more often expressed by the verb habis, sometimes with the addition of sudah as an auxiliary, as,
tuan sudah habis makan, the gentleman has finished eating.
76. Habis has often merely the force of an adverb, in which case it means “utterly,” “entirely,” as,
smoa-ya habis binasa, they were all completely destroyed.
habis sudah makan, quite finished eating.
The verb “kna.”
77. The verb kna, which when it stands by itself signifies “hit the mark,” is often used as a kind of auxiliary with other verbs, and even with nouns and other parts of speech; it then gives a kind of passive sense, and is used in much the same way as the verb “get” in English, as:
kna luka, to get wounded.
kna hukum, to get punished.
kna tipu, to get deceived.
kna rugi, to incur loss.
The verb “bri.”
78. The verb bri, to give, is used as a kind of auxiliary with intransitive verbs, in order to give a transitive meaning, and sometimes with other parts of speech, in the same way that the words “make,” “give,” and “let” are used in English, as,
tahu, know; bri tahu, make known, inform.
pinjam, borrow; bri pinjam, lend.
hormat, honour; bri hormat, give honour, honour.
makan, eat; bri makan, feed.
ingat, remember; bri ingat, make one remember, remind.
jawab, answer; bri jawab, make answer.
masok, enter; bri masok, let one in.
79. In colloquial Malay, the verb kaseh is much used among the Chinese and Europeans in the manner explained above in
the case of bri. This should be avoided by those who desire to acquire a correct use of the language. VOCABULARY.
VERBS. |
NOUNS. |
| binasa, destroy. | dnda, fine. |
| bri, give. | garam, salt. |
| churi, steal. | hormat, honour. |
| habis, finish. | hukum, judgment, command. |
| ingat, remember. | judi, gambling. |
| jaga, watch, take care. | lada, pepper. |
| jawab, answer. | limau, lemon. |
| kaseh, love, give. | limau manis, orange. |
| kna, hit the mark. | luka, wound. |
| luka, wound. | minyak, oil. |
| lupa, forget. | minyak tanah, mineral oil. |
| pukol, strike, hit. | orang jaga, watchman. |
| rosak, spoil. | surat, letter. |
| rugi, lose, incur loss. | tanah, earth, land. |
| tipu, deceive. | |
| tulis, write. | ADJECTIVES. |
| nakal, naughty. |
EXERCISE XIII.
1 The oranges are all utterly spoilt. 2 The salt and pepper are nearly finished. 3 Is the kerosine finished or not? 4 Have you finished writing that letter? 5 Naughty boys ought to be beaten. 6 He suffered much loss by gambling. 7 It is not only rich people who get robbed. 8 He was fined a dollar because he came late. 9 I told him in order that he might not be deceived. 10 Tell the watchman not to let the people in. 11 I shall certainly forget if you do not remind me.
LESSON XIV.
Formation of the Plural.
80. In Malay it can often only be decided by the context whether the singular or the plural is intended, but when there is nothing whatever to indicate the number, the noun may generally be assumed to be in the plural, as,
bli pisang, buy bananas.
jual itek, sell ducks.
81. With certain nouns the plural may be expressed by reduplication of the noun itself, as,
raja, a king.
raja-raja, kings
raja yang bsar-bsar, great kings.
orang muda-muda, young people.
These methods of forming the plural are generally confined to animate objects.
82. In writing, the plural is very commonly expressed by the use of some word meaning “all,” especially sgala, as,
dngan sgala anak-nya, with his children.
kami smoa tahu, we know.
Compound words cannot be reduplicated, and therefore this use of sgala, etc., and reduplication of the adjective, are the only ways of expressing the plural.
tukang kayu itu smoa-nya orang China,
those carpenters are Chinamen.
Numeral Co-efficients or Classifiers.
83. The Malay idiom requires that when the number of any objects are mentioned there shall be used, in addition to the numeral, certain words which grammarians have designated classifiers, different words being used according to the class of objects referred to. Thus, as we in English use the phrase “head” of cattle, so in Malay ekor (tail), is used for all animals, as,
six head of cattle, lmbu anam ekor.
84. The following are the classifiers which are most commonly used:—
Orang (person), is used with all beings superior to animals in
the scale of creation.
Ekor (tail), with animals.
Buah (fruit), with large objects, such as countries, houses, ships,
and books.
Hlai, lai, with thin or flat objects, as clothes, paper, lair, etc.
Biji (seed), with small objects not included in the last mentioned
class.
Kping (piece), potong (cut), of objects which have been made or
cut in blocks or pieces, as metals, planks, slices of bread, etc.
Batang (stem), with poles, posts, rods, and other long objects.
Puchok (shoot of plants), with letters and fire-arms.
Lapis (fold), in stating the number of folds or thicknesses of the
same thing, or similar things.
Pintu (door), with houses built in rows.
Tangga (ladder), with native houses.
Bilah, with swords and knives.
85. The classifier must always be immediately preceded by the numeral; the numeral and classifier together may then be considered as one term, which usually follows the noun, but may precede it, especially if there is no particular emphasis on the number, as,
s’ekor lmbu, a bullock.
lmbu s'ekor, one bullock.
Peculiar use of some verbs in this Lesson.
86. (a) Several Malay verbs are used as the equivalents of the English word “boil,” e.g., rbus when it is desired to emphasize the method of cooking; masak, cook, is frequently used when no particular emphasis is to be expressed, as masak tlor, boil an egg; mndideh means to boil in the sense of ebullition, to bubble.
(b) Minta, is to ask in the sense of “request.”
Tanya, is to ask in the sense of “inquire.”
(c) Simpan and taroh mean to keep in store, to put by.
Plihara means to keep safe, to take care of.
Taroh also means to put, to place = buboh.
(d) Both gosok and sapu may be used to translate the English word “wipe,” but they must be carefully distinguished. Gosok must be used where rubbing is implied, as in wiping plates; sapu is simply to sweep or brush either with a broom or a cloth.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
gosok, rub, wipe. |
| babi, pig. | karam, founder. |
| batang, stem, stalk. | masak, cook. |
| batang, stem, stalk. | masak, cook. |
| biji, seed. | minta, ask, request. |
| bilah, (classifier.) | mndideh, bubble, boil. |
| ekor, tail. | pakai, use, wear. |
| hlai, lai, (classifier.) | plihara, keep, take care of. |
| kping, piece. | rbus, boil. |
| lapis, fold. | sapu, sweep, brush. |
| mata-mata, policeman. | simpan, keep, put by. |
| piring, plate, saucer. | tangkap, catch. |
| prahu, vessel, boat. | tanya, ask, inquire. |
| puchok, young shoot. | taroh, put, put by. |
| Pulau Pinang, Penang. | |
| tangga, ladder. | ADJECTIVES. |
| muda, young. | |
VERBS. |
sgala, all. |
| buboh, put, place |
EXERCISE XIV.
1 Tell him to wipe the cups and saucers. 2 Many small vessels foundered. 3 Ask those boys to come here. 4 That man has bought a great many large houses. 5 Those policemen came here from Penang. 6 How many pigs do you keep? 7 Tell the cook to boil two eggs. 8 Go and buy two or three planks. 9 How many houses have you bought in that street? 10 How many coats do you keep in that box? 11 That man was wearing two coats when he was caught by the policeman. 12 Ask the baker to bring five loaves of bread to-morrow morning.
LESSON XV.
Gender.
87. Gender is expressed in Malay by placing the words laki-laki, man, and prempuan, woman, after the noun, in the case of rational beings, and similarly the words jantan, male, and btina, female, in the case of animals. Jantan is, however, commonly used in speaking of male children, and even sometimes of grown-up persons.
88. A few words of Sanskrit origin have retained the terminations indicating gender which belong to that language, as, putra, prince, putri, princess; etc.
Comparison of Adjectives.
89. The comparative of superiority is expressed by the use of lbeh, more, placed before the adjective, and the preposition deri-pada or deri, than, following it. Thus,
lbeh bsar kerbau deri-pada lmbu,
buffaloes are larger than oxen.
tuan itu lbeh tinggi deri-pada bapa-nya,
that gentleman is taller than his father.
Lagi is frequently used in place of lbeh, or in addition to it, if the conjunction deri-pada or deri is not expressed, as,
angkat lagi tinggi or angkat lbeh tinggi lagi, lift it higher.
90. The comparative of inferiority is expressed by the use of the adverb kurang, less; deri-pada or deri being used if necessary, as in the comparative of superiority.
orang ini kurang pandai deri-pada yang lain,
this man is not so clever as the others.
91. The comparative of equality is expressed by means of the word sama, like, same. Sperti or dngan are sometimes used in conjunction with sama, as,
sama bsar dngan dia, as big as he.
sama tinggi sperti tuan, as tall as you.
92. When the superlative implies a relation to some other object, it is most commonly expressed by the addition of the adverb skali, very, to the adjective, yang being placed before the adjective and taking the place of the English word “the,” as in the case of the ordinal numbers. Thus,
ini-lah chinchin yang bsar skali,
this is the largest ring.
93. Another common way of forming the relative superlative is by placing yang terlbeh before the adjective, as,
ia-lah orang yang terlbeh kuat,
he is the strongest man.
Other methods of forming the superlative, which are used chiefly in written composition, need not by mentioned here.
94. Where no relation to another object is implied, the superlative is formed by the use of one, or even two, of the following intensives:—terlalu, terlampau, terlbeh, skali, amat, sangat, banyak. These should be placed before the adjective, except skali which always follows it.
95. When two comparatives are contrasted, the Malays use the word makin (sometimes mingkin) to form each comparative; thus, makin lama makin jahat, the longer (it continues) the worse (it gets), or, it gets worse and worse.
NOUNS. |
putri, princess. |
| budi, wisdom. | roda, wheel. |
| chabai, chili. | skolah, school. |
| chinchin, ring. | |
| gunting, scissors. | ADJECTIVES. |
| kanak-kanak, baby. | btina, female. |
| kerbau, buffalo. | burok, rotten, worn out. |
| ladang, field. | halus, fine (of long thin things). |
| putra, prince. |
ADJECTIVES. |
rajin, diligent, industrious. | |||
|
tbal, thick. | |||
| lain, other, different. | ADVERBS. | |||
| longgar, loose. |
| |||
| luas, extensive, wide. | ||||
| pdas, hot (of spices). | ||||
| prempuan, female. | VERBS. | |||
| lari, run. |
EXERCISE XV.
1 Is this baby a boy or a girl? 2 One mare has run away and is not yet caught. 3 These scissors are sharper. 4 This needle is finer. 5 The cloth which I bought before was thicker than this. 6 This wheel gets looser and looser. 7 This meat is not very hot. 8 Chilli is hotter than black pepper. 9 Which meat is the most tender? 10 He is the most industrious boy in the school. 11 That coal is as much worn out as the other. 12 His house was in a very extensive field.
LESSON XVI.
Derivative Verbs.
96. As stated in section 42, derivative verbs may be formed from any part of speech. They may be either transitive or intransitive.
Intransitive Verbs.
97. One of the uses of the prefix ber is to form intransitive verbs. Thus the intransitive verb berbunyi, to sound, is formed from the noun bunyi, a noise; and berangkat, to start on a journey, from the transitive verb angkat, to lift.
Other uses of the prefix ber will be dealt with subsequently. See section 113.
98. In the words blayer, and blaboh, the “r” is chided before “l”; and in blajar, which is derived from ajar, the “r” has become an “l”; the “r” is also sometimes dropped when the next syllable is a closed syllable ending with “r”, as bkerja from kerja, bserta from serta, etc.
Transitive Verbs.
99. Transitive verbs are formed from all other parts of speech by the addition of one of the two suffixes -kan and -i. Some roots will only take the suffix kan, and others will only take i, but in many verbs either form may be used, in which case there is often a slight difference in the meaning, the suffix an expressing the stronger causation. Thus, bharui, renew, is formed from the adjective bharu, new, but the form bharukan does not exist; and on the other hand larikan is formed from the intransitive verb lari, run, but the suffix i cannot be used with this root.
The following are examples of the difference of meaning where both forms occur:—
jalankan, cause to walk, jalani, traverse, from jalan, road, walk.
sertakan, unite, serta’i, accompany, from serta, with.
lalukan, remove, lalui, pass (trans.), from lulu, pass.
In some cases, however, the difference of meaning is imperceptible, and the two forms are used interchangeably.
100. It should be noted, however, that a few verbs formed with ber appear to have a transitive meaning; as, berjual ikan, selling fish; berbuat salah, doing wrong, etc.
These must be considered as exceptions.
VOCABULARY.
TRANSITIVE VERBS.
brikan, give; from bri, give.
buangkan, throw away; from buang, throw away.
gantongkan, hang; from gantong, hang (intrans).
hormatkan, honour; from hormat, honour (noun).
isikan, fill; from isi, contents.
jualkan, berjual, sell; from jual, sell.
kunchikan, lock; from kunchi, lock (noun).
sdiakan, make ready; from sdia, ready.
INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
berbunyi, sound; from bunyi, sound (noun).
berdiri, stand; from diri, self.
bergantong, hang; from gantong, hang.
berhenti, stop; from henti, stop.
bkerja, work; from kerja, work (noun).
blayer, sail; from layer, sail (noun).
NOUNS. |
tmpat tidor, bed. |
| kapal api, steamer. | sluar, trowsers. |
| locheng, bell. | ADJECTIVE. |
| orang tua, parents. | lmah, weak. |
EXERCISE XVI.
1 That cow is very weak, she is unable to stand. 2 The steamer will sail the day after to-morrow. 3 The children all go into school when the bell rings. 4 If the men are still working, tell then to stop. 5 Why have you not got the bed ready yet? 6 Hang up my coat amd trowsers. 7 They are hanging there. 8 Do not throw those shoes away, better give them to that poor imam. 9 Children ought to honour their parents. 10 Tell him to lock the gate of the fence. 11 Call that man who is selling fruit and fell him to fill this basket.
LESSON XVII.
The Prefix “m.”
101. In writing or speaking correctly, Malays use the prefix m with all transitive verbs in the active voice, except as follows:
(a) When the verb is in the imperative mood, as,
panggil orang itu, call that man.
(b) If the verb expressing a command is without the prefix m, that prefix is usually omitted in the verb expressing the action ordered, as,
di-suroh-nya panggil orang itu, he ordered that man to be called.
(c) The prefix m is omitted when the object precedes the verb, as,
smoa-ya itu dapat kita buat, we can do all that.
102. For the sake of enphony, the prefix m assumes varions forms according to the initial letter of the root to which it is prefixed. The changes are governed by the following rules:
(a) M relains its simple form when prefixed to words commencing with the lellers l, m, n, r; as,
lihat, mlihat, see; makan, mmakan, eat.
(b) M becomes mn when prefixed to words conminencing with the letters, t, d, j, ch; but in words commencing with t, the initial letter drops off. Thus:—
dapat, mndapat, get: churi, mnchuri, steal; taroh, mnaroh, place.
(c) M becomes mm before p and b, bul the p drops off in the same way as the t mentioned above. Thus:—
bunoh, mmbunoh, kill; padam, mmadam, extinguish.
ajar, mngajar, teach; karang, mngarang, compose.
(e) When m in is prefixed to words commencing with s, the s is changed to ny. Thus,
suroh, mnyuroh, order.
(j) Exceptions to the above rules are mnngar, from dngar; mnyuchi from chuchi; and mngtahui from ktahui, an irregular derivative of tahu.
103. The prefix m is usually omitted by the Straits-born Chinese, but with some verbs the m is hardly ever omitted, as, mnangis, weep; mninggal, die; mndideh, boil; membaiki, mend; mltop, explode; mnari, dance; mngaji, read the Koran; mngaku, confess; mngerti, understand; mnguchap, utter; mnybrang, cross, pass over; mngantok, doze.
104. Though the use of the prefix m is almost entirely confined to transitive verbs, it will nevertheless be found that it is used with quite a considerable number of verbs which have a distinctly intransitive meaning; as, mnysal, to repent; and the words mngantok, mltop, mnari, mnangis, mninggal, mndideh, which are given above. In almost every such case, however, the m has practically become inseparable from the root, as explained in paragraph 103.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. |
mnybrang, cross over. |
| ajar, teach. | padam, put out, extinguish. |
| bunoh, kill. | pnohi, fill. |
| chuchi, clean. | ssal, repent. |
| dngar, hear. | sukakan, rejoice (trans.) |
| jaga baik-baik, take care. | turut, follow, obey. |
| karang, write, compose. | |
| lihat, see. | NOUNS. |
| mltop, explode. | kreta api, railway. |
| mmbaiki, repair. | mak-bapa, parents. |
| mnangis, weep. | prentah, command. |
| mnari, dance. | rumput, grass. |
| mndidek, bubble, boil. | suadara, brother, near relative. |
| mngaji, read the Koran. | |
| mngaku, confess. | sual, question. |
| mngerti, understand. | |
| mnguchap, utter, say. | ADJECTIVE. |
| mninggal, die. | susah-hati, sad. |
EXERCISE XVII.
1 Take care not to put out that lamp. 2 When your brother comes, ask him to open this box. 3 When he heard the news he was very sad. 4 That gentleman is clever at writing (composing letters). 5 I have come here to see the town. 6 Children ought to obey the commands of their parents. 7 It is stupid to give an answer if one has not understood the question. 8 When he went to Klang, he saw a railway for the first time. 9 He wished to rejoice the king's heart. 10 All the animals eame here in search of the good grass.
LESSON XVIII.
The Passive Voice.
105. The passive is formed by the prefix di; as,
di-makan oleh hrimau, eaten by a tiger.
The use of the passive is far more common in Malay than in Western languages; in fact it is the most common form in narration. For instance, instead of saying, “he took it to his house,” the more usual Malay construction would be “it was taken by him to his house,” di-bawa-nya k-rumah.
106. The use of the preposition oleh with the passive construction is optional. When oleh is used, it is frequently placed (with the agent) before the verb; as,
oleh maharaja di-suroh-nya bunoh orang itu,
the king ordered that the man should be killed.
But the more usual order of the sentence is for the agent to follow the verb, when in the passive; and when the agent is a pronoun, it invariably follows the verb; as,
apabila di-lihat laksamana, lalu di-ambil-nya,
when the laksamana saw it, he took it.
107. The subject of the sentence usually prceedes the verb in the passive voice; as,
surat itu di-sambot oleh mntri,
the letter was received by the minister.
108. Very frequently, however, in Malay, the subject is not expressed in the passive voice, the verb being used in a kind of impersonal form; as,
di-panggil-nya, di-suroh-nya dukong,
they called (them) and told (them) to carry them.
In this sentence the pronouns nya refer to the agents; literally: “it was called by them, it was ordered by them to carry.”
109. When the subject is a clause, that clause must be placed last; as,
di-dapat bginda Maharaja Tuban sudah mati,
it was discovered by the king that M. T. was dead.
The Prefix “Ter.”
110. Some grammarians consider that the prefix ter also forms the Passive, but it is probably better to consider this prefix as forming a past participle, or sometimes a present participle, since this derivative does not admit of such constructions as have been explained above in the case of the prefix di, but simply expresses a state or condition, as,
| terbuka, opened. | terkunchi, locked. |
The difference in the use of these prefixes may well be seen in the following sentences from “Sjarah Mlayu”: di-tikam oleh, Hang Kasturi, tertikam pada papan dinding istana itu, lkat kris-nya; literally, it was stabbed (impersonal) by H. K., stabbed at the planks of the inner wall of the palace, and lis dagger stuck (there).
The following may also be taken as examples of the use of the prefix ter:—
bras yang sudah terkupas, rice which lad been peeled.
tersandar pada pohon, leant against a tree.
prentah yary tersbot dhulu, the command mentioned before.
111. This participle is sometimes used where in English the verb would be in the indicative mood, as:—
kaki-nya tersangkot pada batu,
his foot caught against a stone.
112. The prefix ter sometimes gives to the verb the meaning of succeeding in doing a thing, or having accomplished, as:—
S-ribu orang, tiada juga tersorong, though there were 1,000 men, they did not succeed in moving it forward. Lilerally: it was not moved forward.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. |
NOUNS. |
| bakar, burn. | bntara, herald. |
| basoh, wash. | bginda, king (pron. 3rd pers.). |
| buboh, place, put. | dinding, partition, wall. |
| dukong, carry (on the hip). | hrimau, tiger. |
| hitong, count. | istana, palace. |
| kupas, peel. | jari, finger. |
| lkat, stick, adhere. | khatib, preacher. |
| sambot, receive. | kris, dagger. |
| sandar, lean. | laksamana, admiral. |
| sangkot, catch against, stick. | maharaja, king, great raja. |
| sbot, mention, call. | mntri, minister (of state). |
| sorong, move forward, push. | pohon, tree. |
| sagu, sago. | |
| takdir, will (of God). |
EXERCISE XVIII.
(The passive or the participle should be used in every sentence.)
1 He carried the king's child. 2 The maharaja stabbed him with a kris. 3 The king ordered them to fill it with sago. 4 The herald received it, and gave it to the preacher, and the preacher read it. 5 On his ten fingers he placed ten rings. 6 When the Chinese saw it, they followed (their example). 7 He told him to peel those potatoes. 8 People call that hill Bukit China. 9 Sultan Mansur Shah gave the king water he had washed his feet in (ayer basoh kaki), and the king of China drank and bathed in the water the king had washed his feet in. 10 The number of them could not be counted. 11 By the will of God the palace was burnt.
LESSON XIX.
The Prefix “Ber.”
113. The Present Participle, though it is occasionally formed by the prefix ter, or by the verb ada, as described in sections 110 and 53, is most usually expressed by means of the prefix ber, as: lari, run, berlari, running; gantong, hang, bergantong, hanging.
114. In many cases, however, the prefix ber expresses not merely a state or condition, as explained in the above paragraph, but has even a possessive force; as, bernyawa, having life, living; berbini, having a wife, married; berbunga, having flowers, flowering; berraja, having a king, not “being a king.” Hence many derivatives of ber become true adjectives. Thus, berbudi, having wisdom, is almost invariably need simply as an adjective, meaning wise; and similarly berakal, intelligent; berguna, useful; bersandara, related; etc.
115. The prefix ber is very frequently used with reduplication of the root, either to express a continuance of action, or diversity, or multiplicity. Thus:—
bertambah-tambah, continually increasing.
berjnis-jnis, of various kinds.
berribu-ribu, thousands and thousands.
bergilir-gilir, by turns, in succession.
berbagai-bagai, of various kinds.
bersama-sama, together with.
The Prefix “per.”
116. In the case of some verbs having the prefix ber, this prefix becomes changed to per, especially in the passive, as,
di-perbuat-nya istana, he built the palace.
di-peristri oleh Sultan akan dia, the Sultan married her.
prahu-nya di-perbaiki-nya, he repaired his boat.
117. The change from ber to per is perhaps most common in transitive verbs formed by means of the suffixes kan or i from adjectives or verbs which have the prefix ber. Thus from beristri we have peristrikan, and from beranak, peranakkan.
The change occurs more particularly when the prefix m is used, as can be seen in the following words, which are in common use:— mmpergunakan, mmperanakkan, mmperhimponkan.
118. The prefix ter may be used in some cases with these derivatives formed with per, to form the past participle; in which case the r of the ter is elided, as explained in section 98.
The only derivative of this kind which is in common use, and that only in literature, is permna’i, in the phrase tiada tpermna’i, incalculable.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. |
sru, call, cry out. |
| berhimpon, assemble. | tambah, increase. |
| himpon, collect, heap up. | |
| pgang, hold. | NOUNS. |
| peranakkan, bear or beget children. | ‘akal, intellect. |
| alas, foundation. | |
| persmbahkan, present to a superior, offer. | bagai, sort, kind. |
| gilir, turn. | |
| smbah, worship. | istri, wife (polite form). |
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
misai, moustache. |
| jnis, sort, kind. | nyawa, life, soul. |
| kota, fort, fortified town. | taman, garden. |
| masa, time. | tiang, mast. |
EXERCISE XIX.
1 The people of Indrapura at that time had no king. 2 That house has a rock foundation. 3 A ship with three masts. 4 Four-legged animals. 5 The children were playing in the garden. 6 The gentleman who came had no monstache. 7 The king had no male child. 8 He saw the child running about in front of the king. 9 Wherever he went he was with Tun Manda. 10 All the birds in the garden were singing (bunyi) with various sounds. 11 The wind was blowing very strong. 12 Holding on with both hands. 13 The men were calling from the ship. 14 He made the fence round the palace into a fort.
LESSON XX.
Derivative Nouns.
119. Nouns may be derived from verbs and other parts of speech by means of prefixes and suffixes.
(a) The Prefix “p.”
120. Nouns formed with the prefix p usually denote the agents as, pminum, a drunkard, from minum, to drink.
121. This prefix is modified according to the initial letter of the root to which it is affixed in precisely the same manner as described in paragraph 102 in the case of the prefix m. Thus:—
pnchuri from churi.
pmbunoh from bunoh.
pnyapu from sapu.
pngajar from ajar.
Execptions to this rule are pnyuroh, which means not the sender but the person sent, and pnyakit, which means illness, disease. The root suroh has also the irregular form psuroh, which has the same meaning as pnyuroh.
(b) Prefix “p” and suffix “an.”
122. Abstract nouns, expressing cither a quality or an action, are formed by prefixing p in its various forms as explained in the last paragraph, and affixing an. As, pmbunohan, murder; pngajaran, teaching, doctrine; pmandangan, sight; pncharian, getting a living, livelihood; etc.
(c) Prefix “per” and suffix “an.”
123. Nouns formed with the prefix per are usually of the nature of verbal nouns. The distinction between the prefixes per and p seems to be that per is used with roots which take the prefix ber (that is, for the most part, intransitive verbs) whereas p is used with roots which take the prefix m (that is, transitive verbs). Thus we have:
Bertmu, meet; pertmuan, a meeting.
Bermain, play; permainan, a game.
Berkata, speak; perkataan, a saying, word.
Berprang, fight; pprangan, fighting, battle.
Berlayer, sail; playeran, voyage.
For the elision of the r in ber and per before l, or before another closed syllable ending in r, and for the change from r to before a vowel, see para. 98.
124. In a few cases the derivatives (b) and (c) may both be formed from the same root, in which case there is a difference in the meaning, as,
prgajaran, teaching, doctrine; plajaran, lesson. pmbunohan, murder; perbunohan, place of killing.
From beradu, sleep, we have peraduan, sleeping place, and from mngadu, complain, we have pngaduan, complaint: which is in accordance with the distinction explained in paragraph 123.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. |
VERBS. |
| ampu, carry on the hands, uphold, sustain. | rompak, commit piracy. |
| tawar, reduce, assuage, cheapen. | |
| beradu, sleep (of a raja). | |
| berniaga, bniaga rade. | temu, meet, encounter. |
| gali, dig. | tuju, aim. |
| jamu, entertain. | tunggu, wait. |
| kata, speak, say. | |
| kayoh, paddle. | NOUNS. |
| kumpol, gather. | hulu, head, upper portion. |
| mngadu, complaint. | janji, promise. |
| obatkan, cure. | mula, beginning. |
| pandang, look at. | prang, war. |
ADJECTIVES. |
ADJECTIVES. |
| tawar, tasteless, fresh (not salt). | s-tuju dngan, in accordance with. |
| umpama, like. |
| prangkap, trap. | pngajar, teacher. |
| prompak, pirate. | pngayoh, paddle. |
| pmbohong, liar. | pnggali, spade. |
| pmbunoh, murderer. | pnghulu, chief. |
| pminom, drunkard. | pnunggu, warder. |
| pmukol, hammer. | pnyakit, illness. |
| pnakot, coward. | pnyapu, broom. |
| pnawar, antidote. | pnyuroh, messenger. |
| pnchuri, thief. | psuroh, messenger. |
(Para. 122.)
| peraduan, sleeping place (of a raja). | permainan, game. |
| perminta’an, request. | |
| perbuatan, act, deed. | permula’an, beginning. |
| perempuan, woman. | perniaga’an, trade. |
| perhimponan, assembly. | persmbahan, offering. |
| perjalanan, journey. | perumpama’an, proverb. |
| perjamuan, feast. | pkerja’an, work, business. |
| perjanjian, promise. | plajaran, lesson. |
| perkata’an, word. | playeran, voyage. |
| perkumpolan, assembly. | pprangan, battle, fighting. |
(Para. 123.)
| pmandangan, sight. | pngaduan, complaint. |
| pmbrian, gift. | pngajaran, teaching. |
| pmbunohan, murder. | pngtahuan, knowledge. |
| pncharian, livelihood. |
EXERCISE XX.
1 Because he lad no employment, he became a thief and a murderer. 2 The woman is the chief’s wife. 3 That disease could not be cured. 4 It was a meeting place for pirates, thieves and murderers. 5 Those who will not receive instruction cannot gain knowledge. 6 Soft words are an antidote to anger. 7 If you have any requests or complaints, they should he made known now. 8 In battle it is evident whe are the cowards. 9 His acts were not in accord with his promises. 10 A liar or a drunkard will not be trusted.
LESSON XXI.
Derivative Nouns (continued).
(d) The suffix “an.”
125. Nouns formed by means of the suffix an, without any prefix, generally denote the thing which is affected by the action expressed by the root, as,
makanan, the thing eaten, food.
minuman, the thing drunk, drink.
karangan, the thing composed, composition, etc.
(e) The prefix “k.”
126. A few nouns are formed from verbs by means of the prefix k, namely kahandak, will, desire, from hndak, wish; and kkaseh, beloved, from kaseh, love. This form is so rare that it seemss probable that it is not a proper Malay construction, but is merely the Javanese past-participle. Ktahui is similarly formed from tahu; kluar is probably a combination of the adverb luar with the preposition.
(f) The prefix “k” and the suffix “an.”
127. A very large class of derived nouns are formed by means of the prefix k and the suffix an. It will be found that most of the nouns in this class come from roots which in their primary meaning are adjectives, whereas the first five classes of nouns are chiefly derived from verbs.
The following are examples of nouns derived from adjectives:—
kmulia’an, honour: from mulia, honourable.
kkuatan, strength; from kuat, strong.
kkaya’an, riches; from kaya, rich.
kjahatan, wickedness; from jahat, wicked.
The following are derived from other parts of speech:—
kraja’an, kingdom; from raja, king.
klakuan, conduct, beliaviour; from laku, act, action.
ksudahan, conclusion, end; from sudah, finished.
128. In a few cases derivatives formed by the prefix k and the suffix an are not nouns at all, but a kind of past participle, which, as in the case of (e), is perhaps a result of Javanese influence on the language. Thus kperchaya’an means “trusted, trusty, trustworthy”; kahilargan is not “loss,” but “lost” or “suffered loss,” as,
orang itu kahilangan pisau-nya, that man has lost his knife.
(g) The prefix “ber” and suffix “an.”
129. The prefix ber and suffix an, usually with reduplication of the root, form a kind of verbal noun. As bersuka-suka’an, rejoicing; berkurang-kurangan, gradually diminishing; berramai-ramaian, in crowds; berlari-larian, running.
(h) The suffix “an” with reduplication.
130. In nouns, the reduplication of the root, with the addition of the suffix an, expresses diversity or multiplicity, in a manner somewhat similar to that explained in paragraph 115 in the case of verbs; thus:—
| buah-buahan, various fruits. | bau-bauan, scents, incense. |
| puji-pujian, words of praise. | manis-manisan, sweets. |
| kayu-kayuan, various trees. | sayur-sayuran, vegetables. |
131. Ber is sometimes prefixed to derived nouns, as,
orang yang tiada bpkerja’an, men who are not employed.
bginda berkraja’an di situ, the king reigned there.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. |
NOUNS. |
| atur, arrange. | surat kiriman, letter. |
| bilang, count, reckon. | |
| bnarkan, justify, prove true. | ADVERBS. |
| datangkan, cause, induce. | chuma, only. |
| diam, be quiet, dwell. | krap kali, often. |
| ingin, desire, long for. | perchuma, in vain, useless. |
| jmor, dry in the sun. | |
| puji, praise. | ADJECTIVE. |
| rasa, feel, taste, experience. | masing-masing, each. |
| tudong, cover. | |
| utus, send an envoy. |
DERIVED NOUNS. (Para. 125.)
| aturan, arrangement. | kiriman, thing sent. |
| bilangan, number. | lautan, ocean. |
| buritan, stern (of a ship). | makanan, food. |
| fikiran, thought. | minuman, drink. |
| hadapan, front. | pakaian, clothes. |
| haluan, bow (of a ship). | panchuran, water course, gutter. |
| karangan, composition. | |
| kasehan, love, pity. | panchutan, fountain, spring. |
| pgangan, occupation. | surohan, messenger. |
| pujian, words of praise. | tudongan, lid, covering. |
| rampasan, booty. | ukoran, measure. |
| sumpitan, blow-pipe. | utusan, envoy, ambassador. |
DERIVED NOUNS AND VERBS. (Para. 126.)
| kahandak, wish, will, desire. | kluar, go out. |
| kkaseh, beloved. | kmunchak, summit. |
| kmudi, helm. | ktahui, know. |
| k’ada’an, existence. | k’masan, golden. |
| kahilangan, lost. | kmatian, death. |
| kbajikan, advantage, good deeds. | kmnangan, victory. |
| kmulia’an, glory. | |
| kbanyakan, majority. | kmurahan, mercy. |
| kbodohan, stupidity. | knyata’an, evidence. |
| kbsaran, grandeur. | kpandaian, skill, cleverness. |
| kchurian, stolen. | kperchaya’an, trusty, faithful. |
| kdatangan, arrival, coming. | |
| kdngaran, heard. | kraja’an, kingdom. |
| kdiaman, dwelling place. | ksalahan, error, wrong doing. |
| k’esokan, to-morrow. | |
| k’inginan, desire, lust. | ksnangan, ease. |
| kjahatan, wickedness. | ksudahan, end. |
| kkaya’an, wealth, riches. | ksuka’an, pleasure. |
| kkuatan, strength. | ksukaran, difficulty. |
| kkurangan, want. | ksusahan, trouble. |
| klakuan, conduct. | ktakotan, fear. |
| klaparan, hunger, famine. | kterangan, evidence. |
| klihatan, seen, appeared. | kturunan, descent, genealogy. |
| klngkapan, equipent, fleet. |
EXERCISE XXI.
1 Folly often causes a man’s destruction. 2 Do not long for the glory and grandeur of the world. 3 It is through your own fault that you are suffering want. 4 Each one should seek the good of others. 5 That letter was not his own composition. 6 It is useless to make complaints if one has no evidence to justify them. 7 That work ought not to be given to an untrustworthy person. 8 It was heard that the ambassador from the kingdom of Siam was come. 9 Ask him for what purpose he has come here. 10 Which clothes did you tell me to dry in the sun, sir?
LESSON XXII.
Interjections.
132. The following are the interjections which are most commonly used:—
hei, O!
adohi, alas.
amboi, an expression of astonishment.
cheh, pshaw, an expression of disgust or scorn.
wah, tush, an expression of astonishment, displeasure, disbelief or disgust.
ya, O! (Arabic) in addressing the Deity or holy persons.
nah, there, take it.
nyah, go away, be gone.
sayang, kasehan, what a pity.
Punctuation words.
133. Malay, when written in the Arabic character, has no punctuation marks, but several different words are used to introduce new sentences, and thus serve the same purpose, and are known as punctuation words. Some of these are not necessary to the sense, and do not always require to be translated. The following are those most frequently used:—
Maka is the most common of all. As a rule it has no equivalent in English, but occasionally it may be translated by the English word “and.” It is often used to introduce the principal sentence when preceded by an adverbial clause, see paragraphs 138-140.
Bhawa is used to introduce direct or indirect narration.
Ada-pun sometimes introduces a parenthetical clause, at other times a statement of fact or a recommencement of narrative after a, digression or any interruption of the story.
Al-kesah is used where a new chapter or division of the narrative commences, usually after a digression. Where a work consists of a series of different stories, this word is sometimes placed at the beginning of a new story.
Shahadan introduces a new aspect or division of a subject.
Shahadan lagi or s-bagai lagi may introduce yet another division of a subject.
Bermula or s-bermula may be used at the commencement of an entirely new subject, as at the beginnings of chapters, etc.
Dan-lagi means “furthermore,” and continues the same or a similar subject. Tambahan-pula opens up a further reason or argument, or introduces additional matter of any kind.
Hata, arkian, and kalakian introduce new subjects, and are often followed by maka.
The above-mentioned words are seldom, if ever, used in conversation, with the exception of dan lagi.
Compound Sentences.
ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES.
134. When Adjectival clanses are introduced in English by the relatives “who,” “which,” “what,” “that,” the corresponding Malay relatives are used, as,
tiada di-ktahui-nya orang mana yang mmbunoh dia,
they did not know which was the man who had killed him.
135. When clauses are introduced in English by the relative “in which,” “at which,” or “where,” the word tmpat must be used in Malay, as,
negri tmpat kediaman-nya,
the town where he lives.
136. When in English the relative is in the possessive, the Malay construction is as shown in the following examples:—
Tuhan yang nyawa-ku dalam tangan kudrat-nya,
God in whose mighty hand (lit. in the hand of whose power) my breath is.
banyak raja-raja yang bsar-bsar di-binasakan Allah kraja’an-nya,
there are many great kings whose kingdoms God has destroyed.
137. A similar Malay construction is used when the English relative is governed by a preposition, as,
rbah-lah pohon kayu yang di bawah-nya ia berlindong,
the tree fell under which he was taking shelter.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
VERBS. |
| Allah, God. | bergurau, joke. |
| kudrat, divine power. | lindong, shelter. |
| nabi, prophet. | rbah, fall. |
| tawan, opponent. | sangka, suppose, think. |
| tuan-ku, mu lord. | ADJECTIVES. |
| Tuhan, Lord. | sabar, patient. |
EXERCISE XXII.
1 Tush, this man is exceedingly stupid. 2 Oh! my child, you amust be very patient. 3 Be it known unto my lord, O prophet of God. 4 When he was joking with other young men, he said Pshaw! I must have an admiral as an opponent. 5 Pshaw! I thought this Sri Bija ’Diraja was brave. 6 Ha! Ha! look at that young tiger! 7 He ordered them to call the two men who were standing outside. 8 The house in which you live. 9 This is the man whose hand is wounded. 10 The elephant on which he was sitting fell down.
LESSON XXIII.
Compound Sentences (continued).
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES.
138. Adverbial Clauses are introduced by conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs expressing Time, Cause, Object or Purpose, Condition, Manner, and Concession. The Adverbial Clause is usually placed first, followed by the principal clause, which is generally introduced by the conjunction maka or bahwa, or sometimes by nschaya or tntu, meaning “certainly,” or lalu, “then,” etc. The peculiarities of the Malay construction with the different classes of conjunctions ean best be learnt from the examples given below, all of which are taken from the “Sjarah Mlayu.”
139. Conjunctions denoting Time:
| s-tlah or tlah, when, as soon as, after that. | s-blum, before, ere. | ||
| |||
| |||
| sminjak, since. | |||
| |||
| serta, as soon as. | |||
| s-brapa kali, as often as. |
s-tlah ular itu mlihat manusia datang, maka ia pun mnggrak diri-nya,
when the serpent saw a man coming, he bestirred himself.
serta mati s’orang, di-bri orang tahu pada Patih Adam,
as each man was killed, they told Patih Adam.
140. Conjunctions expressing Cause:
| sbab, because. | sdang, as, inasmuch as. |
| kerna, for. | deri-pada, owing to. |
kerna bginda sudah di-ratapi orang, maka di-larang-nya orang mnangis itu,
he forbade the people to weep, because the king had already been mourned for.
orang itu sperti akan terbang rasa-nya, deri-pada sangat amat kras angin bertiop,
they felt as if they were going to fly, owing to the wind blowing so exceedingly strong.
141. Conjunctions expressing an Object or Purpose:
|
spaya, supaya, in order that, so that, that. |
tidak-lah kami sbotkan smoa-nya, kalau jmu orang mnngar dia,
we do not mention them all, lest people should be surfeited by listening to them.
jargan Patih Adam di-bunoh, takot anak sahya di-bunoh-ya,
don't let P. A. be killed, for fear he should kill my child.
142. Conjunctions expressing Condition:
|
jikalau tiada, unless. |
jikalau tuan-hamba bukan tuan k-pada hamba, jika tiada lmbing ini ku tombakkan di dada bukan-nya hamba anak laki-laki,
were you not my master, I should not be a man if I did not cast this javelin at your breast.
jika tiada dngan kudrat Allah mlintang, ku langgar kola Malaka ini.
unless the power of God be against me, I will attack this fort of Malacca.
143. Conjunctions expressing Manner:
| sperti, as. | dmkian..s-hingga, so..that. | |||
|
makin..makin, the..the. |
sperti mana kaseh tuan-tuan smoa akan kita, dmkian-lah kaseh-mu akan dia,
as the love of all of you has been towards us, so let your love be to him.
144. Conjunctions expressing Concession:
| jikalau skali-pun, even if. | bgaimana-pun, however, whatever. | |||
|
bbrapa, however much or many. |
with the correlatives:
| ttapi, mlainkan, |
yet, still, nevertheless. |
bgimana-pun bsar dosa-nya, jangan kamu bunok,
however great their sin may be, do not kill them.
sunggoh-pun dmkian, tiada juga mau Tun Biajid datang,
though it was so, yet Tun Biajid would not come.
bbrapa di-tahani oleh Tun Abdu ’l-karim, tiada juga tertahan,
however much Tun A. restrained (the elephant), he could not be held.
kerna pada hamba jikalau sluroh tanah Jawa itu skali-pun, jika anak sahya mati tiada sama pada sahya.
for though I had the whole of Java, it would not be the same to me if my child were dead.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS. |
VERBS. |
| ‘adat, custom, habit. | derhaka, rebel. |
| akhirat, the hereafter. | dhulukan, prefer, put first. |
| angin, wind. | grak, move. |
| bndahara, treasurer. | hisabkan, count, account. |
| dada, breast. | langgar, attack. |
| dosa, sin. | larang, forbid, warn. |
| dunia, world. | lintang, cross, hinder. |
| hamba, slave. | pasang, light (a fire), discharge (firearms). |
| laku, act, deed, action. | |
| lmbing, javelin. | ratap, wail, mourn. |
| manusia, mankind, man. | tahan, hold, restrain, endure. |
| priok, pot. | terbang, fly. |
| priok api, bomb. | tgur, rebuke. |
| tombak, spear. | tinggalkan, leave, neglect. |
| ular, serpent, snake. | tiop, blow. |
| tombakkan, spear. | |
ADJECTIVES. |
tuang, pour. |
| jmu, surfeited, wearied. | tuangi timah, cast with tin (hence, solder). |
| sluroh, whole, all. |
ADVERBS. |
PRONOUNS. |
| amat, very. | hamba, I (addressing a superior). |
| nschaya, certainly. | tuan-hamba, you (ditto). |
| sangat, very. | |
CONJUNCTION. |
|
| dmkian, so, thus. |
EXERCISE XXIII.
1 As soon as the Sultan heard the bndahara was very ill, his majesty came. 2 When he thus thought, he returned to his house and went up the stairs.3 He acted thus owing to his being a Malay retainer unwilling to rebel. 4 You must not forget this, so that you may be great (Malay—possess greatness) in this world and the next. 5 No one rebuked him, because he was a great man. 6 All of the boxes were soldered down, so that they could not be opened any more. 7 If two duties come to you, put your duty to God first, and leave your worldly duty. 8 If he had desired to kill him, at that time he could (have done it). 9 According to the customs of great kings, thus they did. 10 Though it was so, yet he would not go there. 11 What you desire, ask of us; whatever it may be we will not withhold it. 12 However much they fired bombs, the elephant did not mind (hisabkan).
LESSON XXIV.
The use of Prepositions.
145. A number of prepositions, most of which have not appeared in the previous lessons, will be found below, in the vocabulary. Their use, being the same in most cases as in Western languages, requires but little explanation. The compound prepositions formed from the adverbs atas, bawah, etc., are only given in combination with di, but can also be combined with the prepositions k- and deri, as explained in paragraph 27.
146. Many verbs which are intransitive in English, and require a preposition with the indirect object, are transitive in Malay, or can be made transitive by the addition of the suffix kan, and therefore govern the direct object, as,
| Ask for, minta. | Point at, tunjok. |
| Look for, chari. | Go out, kluar. |
| Wait for, nantikan. | Go into, masok. |
| Knock at, ktok. | Put into, masokkan. |
| Laugh at, tertawakan. | Pull out, chabot. |
When in English a verb is dependent on an adjective, with or without a preposition, no preposition is required in Malay, as,
pandai mnulis, clever at writing.
pnat berjalan, tired of walking.
snang masok, easy to get in.
There is no equivalent in Malay for the preposition “to,” used as the sign of the infinitive in English. Examples:
he came to ask for money, dia datang meminta wang,
wait for that man to come, nantikan orang itu datang.
147. When a verb governs two objects, such as those which express giving, asking, etc., the indirect object takes the preposition, as,
ia mmbri hormat akan bndahara,
le respected the bndahara.
di-bhagi-nya ’mas itu k-pada anak-nya,
he divided out the gold to his children.
In some cases the preposition before the indirect object is omitted, in the same way as in English; thus,
get me some rice, charikan aku nasi.
148. The preposition akan is used with a number of verbs and adjectives expressing the feelings and actions of the mind and heart, etc., as,
| berknan akan, satisfied with. | marah akan, angry with. |
| hairan akan, wonder at. | perchaya akan, believe in. |
| harap akan, trust in. | puji akan, praise. |
| ingin akan, long for. | takot akan, afraid of. |
| kaseh akan, love. | tm‘a akan, covet. |
| lupa akan, forget. |
149. The following brief list of verbs with the prepositions which they take may be found useful:
| bertmu dngan, met with. | kata pada or k-pada, speak to. |
| srah k-pada, deliver up to. | berbantah dngan, argue with. |
| pandang akan, gaze at. | champur dngan, mix with. |
| lihat akan, look at. | tuju k-, aim at. |
| lkat k-pada, stick to. | berchrai dngan, from. |
All verbs expressing giving, such as bri, kaseh, bhagi, pinjam, anugrahkan, kurniakan, etc., can take either akan or k-pada. Verbs expressing motion take deri, from, and k-, to, when it is motion from or to a place, and deri-pada or k-pada, from or to persons. In many cases the preposition k- only is used where we should expect k-dalam or k-pada, as,
di-bawa-nya masok k-rumah-nya,
he took him into his house.
di-titekkan-nya ayer k-mulut budak itu,
he dropped water into the boy's mouth.
di-bawa-nya naik k-prahu itu,
he took her on board the ship.
sahya sudah singgah k-rumah nenek-ku,
I called in at my grandfather's house.
150. With some verbs the preposition akan may be used with the direct object, as,
ia pun tahu akan arti-nya,
he also knew the meaning of it.
maka permaisuri pun mnchium akan mnantu-nya,
the queen kissed her daughter-in-law.
jikalau dosa-nya patut di-bunoh, tiada kita bunoh akan dia,
although his offence were worthy of death, we would not kill him.
In the common colloquial language of the Settlements, the preposition sama is used in this way with all sorts of verbs, especially when the object is a pronoun, as in the following phrases: Call him, panggil sama dia; follow me, ikut sama sahya; open it, buka sama dia. This must be regarded as a vulgarism, and should be avoided. A desire to make a complete sentence with an object, as in English, is no doubt at the root of this mistake, the sama being added to make a phrase which is not in the Malay idiom sound a little better. It should be remembered that pronouns, as a rule, do not require to be expressed in Malay (see paragraph 49 c.); the verb by itself, or with the addition of -lah being quite sufficient in the phrases given above, which should be: Panggil, or panggil dia; ikut-lah; buka.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. |
VERBS. |
| ampunya, possess, own. | bantah, argue, quarrel. |
| anugrahkan, give (to inferiors). | bertmu, meet. |
| bhagi, divide up. | |
| balek, turn, return. | chabot, pull out. |
VERBS. |
NOUNS. | |||
| champur, mix. | bumi, earth, ground. | |||
| chium, smell, kiss. | darah, blood. | |||
| hairan, wonder. | gigi, tooth. | |||
| kodong, cut off, mutilate. | herta, goods, possessions. | |||
| kurniakan, give (to inferiors). | ’mas, gold. | |||
| perchaya, believe, trust. | mnantu, son- (or daughter) in-law. | |||
| pinjam, lend, borrow. | ||||
| pulangkan, restore, give back. | mntua, father- (or mother) in-law. | |||
| singgah, call in (at a place). | ||||
| srah, yield, deliver. | mulut, mouth. | |||
| tertawa, laugh. | nenek, grandfather (or grandmother). | |||
| titekkan, drop (by drops). | ||||
| tmu, meet. | orang banyak, common people, crowd. | |||
| tumpah, spill, shed (of liquids). | ||||
|
paku, nail. | |||
| permaisuri, princess, queen. | ||||
| tbing, shore. | ||||
ADJECTIVES. |
titek, drop. | |||
| berknan, satisfied, pleased. | tm‘a, avarice, covetousness. | |||
| mabok, intoxicated. | sampan, boat. |
PREPOSITIONS.
Denoting Place.
| kliling, around. | di hadapan, before. |
| antara, between, among. | di blakang, behind. |
| sampai, until. | di luar, outside of. |
| dkat k-pada, near. | di bawah, under. |
| arah, arah k-, towards. | di atas, on, upon, over. |
| sbrang, opposite, across, beyong. | bertntangan dngan, opposite. |
Denoting Order.
|
|
Denoting Union.
| dalam, during. | lain deri-pada, besides. |
| mnurut, according to. |
Denoting Separation or Privation.
| dngan tiada, without. | mlainkan, except. |
Denoting Opposition.
| mlawan, against. | atas, against, versus. |
Denoting the End.
| akan, in order to, for. |
| |||
| spaya, so as to. |
Denoting Cause and Means.
| oleh, by, by means of. |
|
EXERCISE XXIV.
1 There were some people standing on the shore waiting for the boat to come. 2 All the common people waited for the bndahara. 3 He asks for the nails which were left here yesterday. 4 He lent the horse to his son. 5 Much blood was spilt on the ground. 6 Whoever met him was ordered by him to turn back. 7 Do not be covetous of (other) people's possessions. 8 If a man found anyone's belongings, and did not return them to the owner (yang ampunya), the king ordered his hand to be cut off. 9 None trusts a man who drinks to excess. 10 She quarrelled will her mother-in-law. 11 Do not trust an old woman to come into your house. 12 Do you (tuan-hamba) love me?
LESSON XXV.
Elementary Malay Idioms.
151. Malays speak much more tersely than Europeans, but their abrupt sentences, which seem rude to western ears, convey no idea of impoliteness to the native mind. For instance, where we should say, “Would you like to take something to eat?” the Malay would not be wanting in politeness if he said, Mau-kah makan nasi? Such terse phrases as the following are found in classical Malay:
bukan bangsa-ku, he is not of my nationality.
jikalau tiada, jangan di-trima, if not, do not receive it.
152. One of the most important differences of idiom between Malay and the European languages is in the use of pronouns. This has already been referred to in paragraph 143.
In literature the pronouns are usually expressed, but in conversation they are more often understood, the sentence being often put in an impersonal form.
For instance, the English sentence, “I see no difference between them,” when put into Malay idiom would be, sama rupa-nya, their appearance is the same; “I like this best” would be, baik ini; “I have no more,” t’ada lagi.
153. The pronoun of the first person may be omitted altogether when it is evident to the person addressed that one is referring to oneself, and when no emphasis is to be laid upon the pronouns.
Note the absence of the pronoun in the following replies to direct interrogations:
Sudah pukol brapa? Blum tahu, tuan.
What time is it? I don't know, sir.
Apa nama orang itu? Kurang preksa.
What is that man's name? I have not inquired.
Sudah potong tali-ya? Ta’ boleh, pisau t’ada.
Have you cut the rope? I can't, I have no knife.
But see paragraph 61 on the use of sahya when replying in the affirmative or receiving a command.
154. Similarly in direct narration the pronoun of the 1st person is omitted wherever possible, or used in the possessive case, or the impersonal orang is made the subject of the sentence, as in the following examples.
I have been asked to sell my house, orary mau bli rumah sahya.
I think I had better not sell it, pada bichara sahya, jangan di-jual.
I heard that he was dead, orang kata dia sudah mati.
155. The impersonal phrases: agak-nya, at a guess, rupa-nya, rasa-nya, it seems, khabar-nya, it is said, are often used in Malay where the pronoun of the first person would be used in English, as,
I don't think this fruit is good, buah ini ta’baik rasa-nya.
I think it is going to rain, mau hujan rupa-nya.
156.The pronoun of the second person is similarly omitted in conversation between Malays of equal rank, though in addressing a superior the words tuan and tuanku used as pronouns are often repeated frequently. The following are characteristic Malay phrases:
hndak k-mana? where are you going?
mana suka, whichever you like.
apa khabar? how do you do?
157. The following remarks on polite phrases will be found useful.
When making a request, the words minta, ask, choba, try, and tolong, help, are frequently added for politeness’ sake, as we use the word “please,” thus,
tuan tolong ranchongkan kalam sahya ini, please cut ny pen, sir.
choba ikatkan bungkus ini, please tie up this parcel.
minta dawat, some ink, please.
158. Sila, the first meaning of which is to sit cross-legged, has come to mean to invite to sit down, and hence to invite generally. It is also used very much in the same way as the English word “please,” sometimes in the form silakan as well as sila.
The following examples will explain the use of these words.
sila tuan masok, please come in, sir.
sila datang k-rumah sahya, please come to my house.
159. The ordinary salutation between Europeans and natives when meeting or when taking leave of each other is the word tabek, which has probably come into the Malay language through the Javanese. Amongst Malays a more common greeting when they meet is “Apa khabar,” the reply to which is, “Khabar baik.” When taking leave they exchange the salutations “Slamat jalan,” “go in peace” and “slamat tinggal,” “remain in peace.” Malays who desire to affect the religious style of address make use of the Arabic “as-salam ‘alaik (sing.) or ‘alaikum (plur.)” “peace be with you,” the reply to which may be, “Wa ‘alaik (or ‘alaikum) salam,” “and to you be peace.”
160. Thanks are expressed by the words trima kaseh, or banyak trima kaseh, an abbreviation for sahya sudah banyak trima kaseh, I have received a great favour.
THE USE OF “BHARU.”
161. The Malay word bharu, when used as an adverb, some- times has the meaning, “then and not till then.” This idiomatic use of the word can be understood from the following examples:
di-bangatkan pula oleh hamba raja itu, bharu-lah ia berkain,
lit: he was hastened again by the king's retainers, then and not till then he dressed; i.e., he did not dress until he was hastened again by the king's retainers.
bunyi-bunyian yang tiada berbunyi itu pun bharu-lah berbunyi,
the instruments which had been silent then at length sounded.
There is nothing idiomatic in the common adverbial use of bharu in such phrases as: bharu mati, just dead; bharu habis, just finished, etc.
THE USE OF “JUGA.”
162. The word juga is used very idiomatically in several different ways. The English equivalent “also,” which is given in most vocabularies, does not represent its most common use; on the contrary, the Euglish word “also” is more often equivalent to the Malay pun.
(a) Juga emphasises a comparison of equality, as in the phrases: sama juga, just the same; bgitu juga, dmkian juga, just like that; sperti dhulu juga, just as before; also in the idiomatic expression ini juga, just now.
(b) The word juga may itself express such a comparison in the same way as the English word “likewise.”
maka Sri Rama pun sudah mati; anak-nya pula berglar Sri Rama juga:
now Sri Rama also died, and his son in his turn had the title Sri Rama likewise.
(c) On the other hand juga is frequently used to qualify an epithet or a statement of fact, in the same way that we use the word “pretty”: thus baik juga means “pretty good”; pandai juga, “fairly clever.” So in the following sentences from the Sjarah Mlayu:
tahu-kah angkau naik kuda? can you ride?
tahu juga sahya tuan-ku, pretty well, sir.
baik juga kita berbalek, it is just as well that we should return.
(d) Juga is sometimes equivalent to the English words, but, though, however, nevertheless, as in the following sentences:
sudah chari, blum juga dapat,
I have looked for it, but have not found it.
sunggoh pun dmkian, tiada juga ia mau datang,
although that was so, nevertheless he did not want to come.
mlainkan Tun Isap juga yang dapat mminjam dia,
but Tun Isap, however, succeeded in borrowing it.
See also, on this use of juga, paragraph 144. (e) Juga may also be equivalent to the English words “even,” “merely,” “just,” as in the following sentences:
dngan sblah tangan-nya juga di-bantun-nya,
even with one hand he uprooted it.
dngan, s’orang-nya juga di-sorong-nya prahu itu,
just by himself he shoved off the boat.
ia dua orang juga yang tahu,
just those two men knew.
N. B. A sentence must never be begun with the word juga.
VOCABULARY.
VERBS. |
NOUNS. |
| agak, guess. | balak, beam. |
| bangatkan, hasten (trans.). | bangku, bench. |
| bantun, pull up, uproot. | bichara, opinion, consultation, law-suit. |
| berglar, have a title. | |
| berlayer, blayer, sail. | bungkus, bundle, parcel. |
| choba, try. | bunyi-bunyian, musical instrument. |
| ikat, tie. | |
| potong, cut. | dawat, ink. |
| ranchongkan, sharpen to a point. | ipar, brother-in-law. |
| sila, sit cross-legged, invite. | kalam, pen. |
| turun, descend, come up (of storms, rain, etc.). | khabar, news, information. |
| kopi, coffee. | |
| undor, retire, retreat, draw back. | nangka, jack-fruit. |
| ribot, storm. | |
ADVERBS. |
rupa, appearance, form. |
| bangat, quickly. | salam, peace (a salutation). |
| bharu, just, lately, newly, then and not till then. | slamat, safety, happiness. |
| pula, again, also. | ADJECTIVES. |
| gila, mad. |
EXERCISE XXV.
1 Which is the best road? 2 Whichever you like. 3 I hear your (tuan) brother-in-law has come. 4 I think a storm is coming up. 5 Pray sit on this bench. 6 I believe this man is mad. 7 Please take this table into the next room. 8 Your master would like some coffee. 9 How long do you think this beam is? 10 Then for the first time he saw his wife. 11 It was not until last night that I heard you were ill. 12 I am going to sail this very (juga) day. 13 Do you like (suka makan) jack-fruit? 14 Pretty well. 15 However many of the Malacca men were killed and wounded, yet they would not retreat.
LESSON XXVII.
Words of Similar Meaning.
163. In some classes of words, especially in the case of verbs expressing many of the commonest actions, the Malay language is much richer than European languages. For instance the Malays use half a dozen different words to express the ideas “fall,” “carry,” “strike,” etc. Hence it is necessary to learn the precise shade of meaning conveyed by each of a series of words which would all have the same equivalent in English. These lists of words will be taken in the alphabetical order of their English equivalents.
| Bad | (of sentient beings), jahat. | Carry | (in the fingers), bibit, jenjet. |
| ” | (of inanimate objects), kurang baik. | ||
| ” | (in the bosom), kandong. | ||
| ” | (rotten and fetid), busok. | ” | (on the hips), dukong. |
| ” | (rotten, but not of animal matter), burok. | ” | (on the palms of the hadns), tatang. |
| Believe | (think, fancy), fikir. | ” | (bear, support), tanggong. |
| ” | (trust), perchaya. | Change | (alter), obah. |
| Break | (by pulling), putus. | ” | (change position), pindah, aleh. |
| ” | (transversely), patah. | ||
| ” | (in pieces), pchah. | ” | (substitute), ganti. |
| Call | (call for, call by name), panggil. | ” | (exchange, barter), tukar. |
| Cry | (weep), tangis. | ||
| ” | (call on, visit), mlawat. | ” | (wail), ratap. |
| ” | (call in at a place in passing), singgah. | ” | (shout), sru, triak. |
| ” | (war cry, acclamation), sorak. | ||
| Care | (take care, beware), jaga, ingat. | Cut | (generally), potong. |
| ” | (chop, slice), chinchang. | ||
| ” | (take care of), plihara. | ” | (hew, as with a sword), ttak. |
| ” | (be anxious), khuatir. | ||
| ” | (have regard for), pduli. | ” | (cut off, sever), krat. |
| Carry | (carry in general, rather, lift), angkat. | ” | (cut down trees), tbang. |
| ” | (cut down bushes), tbas. | ||
| ” | (carry in general, rather, convey), bawa. | ” | (with a knife, edge towards the body), ra’eh. |
| ” | (on the head), junjong. | ” | (with a knife, edge away from the body), raut. |
| ” | (on the back or shoulders), pikul. | ||
| ” | (cut grain), tuai. | ||
| ” | (under the arm), kelek. | ” | (lengthwise), blah. |
| Divide | (split), blah. | Hit | (more gently than the above), tpok. |
| ” | (distribute), bhagi. | ||
| Draw | (pull), tarek. | ” | (knock, as with a hammer), ktok. |
| ” | (drag with force), hela. | ||
| ” | (a picture), tulis. | ” | (beat with a stick), palu. |
| ” | (draw out, as a tooth), chabot. | ” | ” gasak. |
| ” | (hit a mark), kna. | ||
| ” | (ditto, of large objects), bantun. | Hold | (with the hands), pgang. |
| ” | (more strongly than the above), paut. | ||
| Dry | (verb trans.), kringkan. | ||
| ” | (in the air), anginkan. | ” | (contain), muat, isi. |
| ” | (in the sun), jmor. | Hot | (of fire), panas. |
| Earth | (ground, world), bumi. | ” | (of spices), pdas. |
| ” | (inhabited world), dunia. | Know, | see para. 62 a. |
| ” | (soil), tanah. | Look | (appear), nampak, tampak. |
| ” | (dry land), darat. | ||
| Fall | (in general), jatoh. | ” | (look at), tengok, sometimes lihat. |
| ” | (of small, light things), gugur. | ||
| Lihat is more usually to see. | |||
| ” | (of men), rbah. | ” | (ditto, but more intently), pandang. |
| ” | (of trees), tumbang. | ||
| ” | (of houses and large objects), roboh. | ” | (look at very narrowly), intai. |
| ” | (of rocks and similar masses), runtoh. | ” | (still more closely), slidek. |
| ” | (look for), chari. | ||
| ” | (of liquids), tumpah. | ” | (look up), tngadah. |
| ” | (of liquids in drops), titek. | ” | (look back), mnoleh. |
| ” | (to fall on), timpa (trans). | Long | (of measurement), panjang. |
| Fill | (make absolutely full), pnohkan. | ||
| ” | (of time), lama. | ||
| ” | (put things into), isikan, muat. | Lose, | hilang. |
| ” | (suffer loss), rugi. | ||
| First | (previously), dhulu. | Man | (individual), orang. |
| ” | (first of several things, firstly), yang pertama, pertama-tama. | ” | (mankind), manusia. |
| ” | (male), laki-laki. | ||
| Measure | (of dimensions), ukor. | ||
| ” | (first of all, firstly absolutely), mula-mula. | ” | (of capacity), sukat. |
| Meet | (in general), bertemu, berjumpa. | ||
| Get, | see para. 55 c. | ||
| Hit | (generally), pukol. | ” | (assemble), berhumpon, berkumpol. |
| ” | (with the fist), tumbok. | ||
| ” | (with the open hand), tampar. | Move | (to another place), pindah. |
| Mind, | see Care. |
| Move | (slightly), grak. | Stick | (adhere), lkat. |
| Open | (in general), buka. | ” | (get caught or entangled), sangkot. |
| ” | (as a flower), kmbang. | ||
| ” | (the mouth), nganga. | ” | on (as a patch), tampal. |
| ” | (the eyes), chlek. | ” | in (as a pole), chachak. |
| Order | (arrangement), atur. | ” | in (stab), tikam. |
| ” | (a command), hukum. | Stretch | (trans.), bsarkan. |
| ” | (to command), suroh, psan. | ” | (by pulling), rgangkan. |
| ” | (authority), prentah. | ” | (lengthen), panjangkan. |
| ” | (send for things), psan. | Spread | (intrans.), kmbang. |
| Place | (put), buboh. | ” | (trans. as a mat), bntang, hampar. |
| ” | (especially to put away), taroh. | ||
| ” | (scatter), hambur, tabur. | ||
| ” | (put down), ltak. | ” | (disperse), chrai-brai. |
| ” | (put in), masokkan. | Take, | see para. 55 a. |
| ” | (put on), pakai. | Tell, | see Say. |
| Roll | (as a wheel), gelek. | Throw | (generally), lempar. |
| ” | (over and over), guling. | ” | (away), buang. |
| ” | (to and fro), golek. | ” | (down), champak. |
| ” | up (as a roll of paper), gulong. | ” | (violently), lontar, lotar. |
| Salt | (noun), garam. | Turn | (become), mnjadi. |
| ” | (adjective), asin, masin. | ” | (right round), balek, intrans. |
| Say | (speak), kata. | ||
| ” | (converse), tutor, chakap. | ” | ” balekkan, trans. |
| ” | (tell, narrate), bilang. | ” | (revolve), pusing. |
| ” | (tell, inform), bri tahu, khabarkan. | ” | (the head or body), paling. |
| ” | (as machinery), putar. | ||
| ” | (mention), sbot. | Wake | (to be awake), jaga. |
| ” | (utter, express thanks or praise), uchap. | ” | (to become conscious), sdar. |
| ” | (of God), firman. | ” | (to arouse one’s self from sleep), bangun. |
| ” | (of kings), titah. | ||
| ” | (of prophets and kings), sabda. | ” | (more violently), sdar. |
| Wash | (face and hands or clothes), basoh. | ||
| ” | (of inferiors), smbah. | ||
| Send | (things), kirim. | ” | (bathe), mandi. |
| ” | (persons), hantar, surohkan. | ” | (clean generally), chuchi, bersehkan. |
| ” | for (things), psan. | ||
| ” | for (persons), panggil. | Wide | (of breadth), lebar. |
| Shake, | goyang. | ” | (of space), luas, lapang. |
| ” | (more violently), gonchang. | ” | (of intervals), jarang. |
| ” | (shake hands), jabat tangan. | Wind | (in a coil), lengkar. |
| ” | (on a core), gulong. |
| Wind | (a clock), kunchikan. | Write | (compose), karang. |
| Write, | tulis. |
No exercises have been prepared for this and the following lessons, the number of words in each lesson being so great that they could not be dealt with adequately in the space available. Moreover the proper use of these words hardly requires further elucidation.
LESSON XXVII.
Compound Words.
164. The Malays use a large number of compound words. Some of these liave already been given in previous lessons, but a more complete list will probably be found useful, especially as some are very idiomatic. The references to Shellabear's Vocabulary will give the student a larger number of words than could possibly be printed here.
| ‘akal budi, intelligence. | buang arang, chalk line. |
| ‘alam maut, ‘alam barzakh Hades. | bongkar sauh, weigh anchor. |
| brapa puloh, how many tens? | |
| alas rumah, foundations. | bri, see Vocabulary. |
| ampat persgi, square. | bsi brani, magnet. |
| anak, see Vocabulary. | bsi kuda, horseshoe. |
| angkat anak, adopt. | buah pinggang, kidneys. |
| arang batu, coal. | buat-buat, pretend. |
| atas angin, windward, western, European. | buat rengan, frivolous. |
| bulat-bulat, entirely. | |
| ayam itek, poultry. | bulu kning, eyebrows. |
| ayer, see Vocabulary. | bulu mata, eyelashes. |
| baik paras, handome. | bunga api, sparks, fireworks. |
| balek sakit, relapse. | bunga karang, sponge. |
| bapa saudara, uncle. | chap batu, litography. |
| bapa tiri, stepfather. | chara China, in Chinese style. |
| bara api, embers. | chari ‘akal, devise means. |
| batok kring, consumption. | chermin mata, spectacles. |
| batu, see Vocabulary. | chermin muka, looking-glass. |
| bawa lari, run away with. | chirit bintang, meteor. |
| bawa mulut, scandal, gossip. | chompang-champing, ragged. |
| bawa pergi, take away. | chuchok sanggul, hair pin. |
| biji mata, eyeballs. | chukai kpala, poll tax. |
| bintang berekor, comet. | chukai pintu, house assessment. |
| bkas tangan, signature. | churi-churi, secretly. |
| daging darah, blood relationship. | kaki langit, horizon. |
| daya upaya, resources. | kaki tembok, foundations. |
| dhulu kala, in olden times. | kala jngking, scorpion. |
| dinihari, twilight. | kapal api, steamship. |
| dua lapis, double, two layers. | kapal prang, warship. |
| duka-chita, sorrow. | karangan bunga, nosegay. |
| dunia akhirat, for all time. | kaum kluarga, family. |
| gila babi, epilepsi. | kayu api, firewood. |
| gilang-gmilang, glittering. | kayu arang, ebony. |
| glang kaki, anklet. | kayu manis, cinnamon. |
| glang tangan, bracelet. | kchil hati, spiteful. |
| gmpa bumi, earthquake. | kertas kmbang, blotting paper. |
| gunong berapi, volcano. | khabar angin, false rumors. |
| hal-ihwal, circumstances. | kira-kira, accounts. |
| hari bulan, date, day of the month. | klam kabot, pitch dark. |
| hari raya, holiday, festival. | klopak mata, eyelid. |
| haru biru, confusion, disorder. | kna, see Vocabulary. |
| hati bsar, pround. | kpala susu, cream. |
| hati panas, hot tempered. | kras hati, hard heartened. |
| hawa nafsu, carnal desires. | kras kpala, obstinate. |
| herga mati, fixed price. | kreta lereng, bicycle. |
| herta bnda, goods and chattels. | kreta Hongkong, rikisha. |
| hina-dina, common people. | kreta sewa, gharry. |
| hujong tanah, cape. | kuda-kuda, tressels. |
| huru-hara, riot. | kulit kayu, bark. |
| ibu ayam, hen. | kulit tlor, eggshell. |
| ibu bapa, parents. | kunchi mangga, padlock. |
| ibu jari, thumb. | kura-kura kaki, instep. |
| ibu kaki, great toe. | kurang, see Vocabulary. |
| ikat pinggang, waist belt. | lama-lama, after some time. |
| ini juga, just now. | langit-langit, ceiling, roof of the mouth. |
| isi kahwin, dowry. | |
| isi negri, inhabitants. | layang-layang, kite. |
| isi prot, entrails. | lbeh kurang, more or less. |
| isi rumah, household. | lmah lmbot, meek. |
| jabat tangan, shake hands. | lobang hidong, nostrils. |
| jalan bhasa, idiom. | mabok laut, seasick. |
| jalan raya, main road. | mak-bapa, parents. |
| jari, see Vocabulary. | makan, see Vocabulary. |
| jarom chuchok, badkin. | ’mas urai, gold dust. |
| jauh malam, late at night. | masam muka, scowling, sulky. |
| juru, see Vocabulary. | masok mulut, interrupt. |
| kain, see Vocabulary. | masok tangan, interfere. |
| mata, see Vocabulary. | sarong, see Vocabulary. |
| merah tlor, yolk of an egg. | sepak raga, Malay football. |
| minta, see Vocabulary. | siang-siang, very early. |
| minyak tanah, mineral oil. | sikat rambot, comb. |
| minyak tar, tar. | silap mata, sleight of hand. |
| muka, see Vocabulary. | skarang ini, just now. |
| mula-mula, at first. | sual jawab, catechism. |
| naik, see Vocabulary. | suka-chita, joy, gladness. |
| nama busok, a bad reputation. | surat khabar, newspaper. |
| nanti dhulu, yolk wait a bit. | surat kuasa, power of attorney. |
| nenek moyang, ancestors. | surat wasiat, will. |
| nyata-nyata, openly, publicly. | tahi bsi, rust. |
| obat bdil, gunpowder. | tahi lalat, moles, freckles. |
| obat guna, magic. | tahu ‘adat, polite. |
| orang, see Vocabulary. | tali, see Vocabulary. |
| otak tulang, marrow. | tanah liat, clay. |
| pagar bulan, halo. | tanda tangan, signature. |
| panjang lidah, talkative. | tapak kaki, sole of the foot. |
| papan loh, slate. | tapak tangan, palm of the hand. |
| pergi balek, there and back. | tawar hati, discouraged. |
| perkakas rumah, furniture. | tikar bantal, bedding (of a native). |
| pgang kmudi, steer. | |
| pgang ras, drive. | timah hitam, lead. |
| pisau chukor, razor. | timah puteh, tin. |
| pisau lipat, penknife. | timah sari, zinc. |
| pitah lidah, eloquent. | tipu-daya, deceit. |
| pnoh ssak, chock-full. | tka-tki, riddle. |
| pgang ras, drive. | timah hitam, lead. |
| priok api, bombshell. | tmpat, see Vocabulary. |
| prot kosong, famished. | tngah, see Vocabulary. |
| pusing kpala, giddy, confused. | tolak bhara, ballast. |
| puting bliong, waterspout. | trima kaseh, thank you. |
| putus harap, in despair. | tuan rumah, landlord. |
| rindu dndam, anxious longings. | tudong muka, veil. |
| rumah, see Vocabulary. | tukang, see Vocabulary. |
| sakit, see Vocabulary. | tulang, see Vocabulary. |
| salah faham, misunderstand. | tunggang langgang, headlong. |
| salah urat, sprain. | turut prentah, obey. |
| sama tngah, exact centre. | ubi kayu, tapioca. |
| sampai umor, full age. | ubi kladi, yam. |
| sana sini, here and there. | ular naga, dragon. |
| sapu chat, to paint. | urat darah, vein. |
| sapu kapur, whitewash. | urat puteh, nerve. |
| sapu tangan, handkerchief. | wang kertas, bank notes. |
LESSON XXVIII.
Religious Terms.
165. The following list of religious terms is intended specially for the use of missionaries, but will no doubt also be of service to lawyers, government officials and others who desire to make themselves acquainted with the religious ideas of the people.
Some of the terms here given are not used at all by Mohammedans, having been chosen by missionaries past and present to express distinctively Christian ideas, or to translate words found in the Bible which are peculiar to Christianity; with one or two exceptions, however, these words are thoroughly understood by all Malays, though of course many of them convey to the native Christians a technical meaning which must necessarily be unknown to the great majority of Mohammedans. For instance the division of the Bible into the Old and New Testaments is not known to the Moslems, who only recognise the Pentateuch, Psalins, Gospels, and Koran (Taurit, Zabur, Injil, Kor’an) as the four revelations of God.
For convenience the words which are used exclusively by Christians or in the Christian sense are given in a separate list, and another list is given of words exclusively Mohammedan. In the general list, where there is a difference between the Christian and Mohammedan use of a word, this is indicated by means of the abbreviations C and M.
Christian Terms.
| akanim, persons (of the Trinity). | mnjlma, to become incarnate. |
| msihi, Christian. | |
| angan-angan hati, conscience. | murid, disciple. |
| baptis, baptism. | padri, R. C. priest (often applied also to Protestant ministers). |
| bnarkan, justify. | |
| eklisia, the chruch universal. | |
| greja, church building. | pndita, ordained minister (Dutch Indies). |
| guru, ordained minister. | |
| imam bsar, high priest. | perdamaian, atonement. |
| Juru-slamat, Saviour. | perhimponan, local church, congregation. |
| kbangkitan, resurrection. | |
| kpala-kpala imam, chief priests. | perjamuan Tuhan, the Lord’s Supper. |
| minta do‘a, pray. | |
| mngajar, preach. | Pubus, Redeemer. |
| perjanjian lama, Old Testament. | Roh Alkudus, Holy ghost. |
| perjanjian bharu, New Testament. | salib, cross. |
| perumpama’an, parable. | skolah agama, Sunday school. |
| pngajar, preacher. | slamat, salvation. |
| pngajaran, doctrine. | tbus, redeem. |
| pngantara, mediator. | tbusan, redemption. |
| Pnolong, Saviour. | wahi, wahyu, revelation. |
| Pnghibur, the Comforter. |
Mohammedan Terms.
| ‘amal, good wroks. | minbar, pulpit in the mosque. |
| ayer smbahyang, ablution. | mu’min, believer. |
| haji, pilgrim (to Mecca). | murtad, pervert. |
| halal, permitted, lawful. | najis, ceremonially unclean. |
| haram, forbidden. | nasara, (pl. nasrani,) Christian. |
| ‘ibadat, acts of devotion. | |
| kadli, magistrate who performs religious ceremonies. | nikah, marriage. |
| rab, Lord; rabbi, my Lord. | |
| khatan, circumcision. | rak‘ah, a set of prayers. |
| khatib, preacher in the mosque. | rukun, rule of life, religious duty. |
| khutbah, Friday sermon in the mosque. | |
| shahadah, confession. | |
| kiblah, direction for prayer. | shahid, martyr. |
| kismat, fate. | shari‘ah, the Mohammedan law. |
| kramat, shrine. | sunat, circumcision. |
| lima waktu, the five hours of prayer. | talak, divorce. |
General Terms.
| Allah, God. | hukum, commandment. |
| akhirat, the hereafter. | hukuman, punishment. |
| Almaseh, the Christ. | hukumkan, condemn, punish. |
| ampun, pardon. | injil, the whole New Testament (M), the Gospels (C). |
| anugrah, gift (M), favour, grace (C). | |
| jhannam, hell. | |
| berbangkit, rise from the dead. | jiwa, soul. |
| berdo‘a, pray. | k‘abah, temple of God. |
| berkat, blessing. | kaseh, love. |
| choba’i, tempt. | kasehan, pity, compassion. |
| do‘a, prayer. | katib, scribe. |
| do‘akan, pray for. | Kitab Allah, the 4 books of revelation (M), the Bible (C). |
| dosa, sin. | |
| hari kiamat, day of judgement. | |
| hidop kkal, eternal life. | kjahatan, inquity, wickedness. |
| kmulia’an, glory. | Roh Allah, a title of Jesus (M), the Holy Spirit (C). |
| korban, sacrifice (of animals). | |
| ksalahan, transgression. | rahmat, mercy. |
| kudrat, divine power. | rasul, apostle. |
| mazmur, a psalm. | shorga, heaven. |
| msjid, mosque. | sntosa, peace (of heart). |
| mu’alaf, resources. | sjahtera, peace (generally). |
| nabi, prophet. | shukor, thanksgiving. |
| nraka, hell. | smbahyang, worship. |
| nyawa, soul, breath of life. | taubat, repentance. |
| perminta’an, prayer, request. | taurit, Pentateuch, law of Moses. |
| prsmbahan, offering. | |
| perchoba’an, temptation. | tmpat persmbahan, altar. |
| puji, praise. | uchap shukor, give thanks. |
| roh, spirit. | Zabur, the book of Psalms. |
LESSON XXIX.
The Mohammedan Calendar.
The Mohammedan era (tarikh) dates from the “migration” (hijrah), or departure of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina, which took place in the year 622 of the Christian era. The Mohammedan year is lunar, and amounts to nearly 354 days and 9 hours, or about 11 days less than the solar year.
The twelve lunar months are known among the Malays by their Arabic names:
| Muharram, | Rajab, |
| Safar, | Sh‘aban, |
| Rabi‘u ’l-awwal, | Ramadlan, |
| Rabi‘u ’l-akhir, | Shawwal, |
| Jumadi ’l-awwal, | Dhu ’l-k‘adah, |
| Jumadi ’l-akhir, | Dhu ’l-hijjah. |
The days of the week (jum‘at) are also known among Malays by
their Arabic names, or corruptions of them:
Ahad, meaning "first,” corresponds to Sunday.
Ithnain or Isnin or Snin, “second,” Monday.
Thalatha or Salasa, “third,” Tuesday.
Arb‘a or Rabu, “fourth,” Wednesday.
Khamis, “fifth,” Thursday.
Jum‘ah or Jum‘at, “assembly,” Friday.
Sabtu, “sabbath day,” Saturday.
In the colloquial language of the Settlements, the days of the week (minggo) are known as:
| Hari minggo, (Portuguese domingo, Lord), Sunday. | |
| Hari satu, Monday. | Hari ampat, Thursday. |
| Hari dua, Tuesday. | Hari lima, Friday. |
| Hari tiga, Wednesday. | Hari anam, Saturday. |
The natives in the Settlements, who come in contact with Europeans, generally use the Christian Calendar.
Currency.
Singapore, Malacca, and Selangor.
| 4 duit (¼ cent) | = | 1 sen (cent). |
| 2½ sen | = | 1 wang. |
| 10 wang | = | 1 suku. |
| 4 suku | = | 1 ringgit (dolar). |
Penang, Province Wellesley, and Perak.
| 10 duit (cent) | = | 1 kupang. |
| 12½ duit | = | 1 tali. |
| 2 tali | = | 1 suku. |
| 4 suku | = | 1 ringgit (dolar). |
Weights and Measures.
Weight.
| 16 tahil | = | 1 kati (1⅓ lb.). |
| 100 kati | = | 1 pikul (133⅓ lb.). |
| 3 pikul | = | 1 bahara (400 lb.). |
| 40 pikul | = | 1 koyan (5333⅓ lb.). |
Capacity.
| 4 pau | = | 1 chupak. |
| 4 chupak | = | 1 gantang (1¼ gallons). |
| 10 gantang | = | 1 parah. |
| 2 parah | = | 1 pikul. |
| 40 pikul | = | 1 koyan. |
Length.
| 2 jngkal (span) | = | 1 hasta (cubit). |
| 2 hasta | = | 1 ela (yard). |
| 4 hasta | = | 1 dpa (fathom). |
| 2 dpa | = | 1 jumba. |
| 40 dpa | = | 1 rlong. |
Area.
| 400 jumba | = | 1 rlong (1⅓ acre nearly). |
READING EXERCISES.
The following exercises are intended to give the student an idea of Malay literary style. An interlinear, word for word translation is given, in order that the difference in idiom and in the construction of sentences may be more readily seen; and a free translation of each passage is appended. The numerals in parentheses refer to the paragraphs in the Grammar where an explanation will be found of some peculiarity in the preceding word. The student is recommended to make a very careful study of these exercises. The English translations should afterwards be put into Malay by the student as an exercise in composition, without reference to the original, with which the student's composition should then be compared:
Reading Lesson I.
If perchance you are lowly, ask of those who are noble; and if you are poor, ask of those who are rich; and if your knowledge is insufficient, ask of God, who has promised that whoever asks shall receive.—Hikayat Abdullah.
Reading Lesson II.
Gambling altogether ruins people, and deceives them, and leads people to bad practices. Gambling is the mother of wickedness, and has three children: the eldest is called Mr. Liar, the second Mr. Thief, the third Mr. Murderer. It is these three which destroy the world.—Hikayat Abdullah.
Reading Lesson III.
After a considerable interval, swordfish came and attacked Singapore, jumping and coming up on the dry land; and many of the people on the shore died, being jumped on by the sword-fish. If they struck the breast, they pierced through to the back; if they struck the neck and waist, they pierced through to the other side. People could not stand on the shore, and many died. So the people were in a tumult, running here and there, and all of them saying. “The sword-fish are attacking us! Many of our people are dead, having been killed by them.”—Sjarah Mlayu.
Reading Lesson IV.
And one day Radin di Klang went to Kampong Kling to amuse himself. And a man ran “amok,” and all the people scattered and ran away every one of them. But Radin di Klang stood still and drew his dagger, waiting for the amok-ruuner; and the amok-runner came and had a stabbing encounter with Kadin di Klang; and they stabbed at the same time and each struck the other’s breast, and both died, one falling to the left and the other to the right.—Sjarah Mlayu.
Reading Lesson V.
There was a jungle, where many monkeys lived on the branches of the trees. Now there came a workman to get wood for house furniture, and when he had taken a considerable quantity, there remained one very big log, which he could not take away; so the workman split the log, putting in wedges. Now when it was midday, he left the log with the wedges, and went back to his house to eat. And one monkey when he saw the man go home, came down from the tree, and got upon the log which the man was splitting, and kept shaking it, and the wedges came out and its tail was pinched in the crack of the log, and he could not get it free; so the monkey died. Now the man who was splitting the log came and saw a monkey dead through being nipped, and he took it and threw it away. This is the way with people who mind other people's business and not their own, they just bring destruction upon themselves owing to their lack of wisdom. Kalilah dan Daminah.
Reading Lesson VI.
There was a stork which laid its eggs on a tree, and every day its eggs were stolen by a snake. Now one day it saw that its eggs were gone, and the stork went to its friend, a crab, and related all the circumstances of its eggs being stolen by the snake. “And now what shall I do? Show me some plan so that the snake may be killed.” The crab answered, “Is there any difficulty in killing the snake? Go and fetcl a great many fish, and lay out the fish from the hole of the mongoose to the snake’s hole, and when the mongoose sees the fish he will certainly follow them up, and when the mongoose gets there he will certainly kill the snake.” When the stork had heard the crab’s instructions, he did so. And the mongoose came out and followed up the fish, and when lie reached the hole of the snake, he met the snake and killed it.—Kalilah dan Daminah.
Reading Lesson VII.
There was a country the king of which was named Shula Raja. Now there came a king to attack it, and afterwards that king was routed in the battle, and all his soldiers were scattered; and many of his soldiers and elephants and horses were killed, and all his implements and his war-drums remained in the middle of the plain. And jackals came from the jungle and ate the carcases. Then a strong wind cane and blew the branches of the trees so that they kept striking against each other, and they struck against the war-drums, and the drums sounded. And all the jackals were startled and every one of them ran away, wondering at each other. Now one jackal thought, “Whatever is this noise? For there is not a single man here.” So he approached the drums, and saw that there was no one, but merely the branches of the trees were striking the drums; so then he split the drums, and saw that they were empty,—there was nothing inside them. Then all the jackals came back again to eat the carcases. Such is the story; so for this reason do not trouble yourself at all about such noises.—Kalilah dan Daminah.
KEY TO THE EXERCISES.
EXERCISE I.
1 Raja bsar. 2 Surat pendek. 3 Pintu bsar, or, pintu bsar itu. 4 Baju bharu. 5 Orang jahat, or, orang jahat itu. 6 Jalan itu lurus, or, lurus jalan itu. 7 Panas-lah hari itu, or, hari itu panas. 8 Kuat-lah kuda. 9 Ayer itu sjuk, or, sjuk ayer itu. 10 Panjang baju bharu itu, or, baju bharu itu panjang. 11 Malas-lah budak kchil itu, or, budak kchil itu malas. 12 Jalan panjang itu baik, or, baik jalan panjang itu. 13 Kuat-lah kuda bsar itu, or, kuda bsar itu kuat.
EXERCISE II.
1 Aku raja bsar. 2 Angkau anak kchil. 3 Kreta sahya bharu. 4 Tuan punya kuda hitam itu kuat, or, kuat-lah tuan punya kuda hitam. 5 Tuan kaya, kami miskin. 6 Ayer laut. 7 Tangan anak itu. 8 Kreta lmbu. 9 Aku anak raja Malaka. 10 Sakit kaki binatang itu, or, kaki binatang itu sakit. 11 Dia-lah tuan sahya. 12 Pandai orang itu. 13 Puteh baju-nya itu. 14 Budak-nya itu tinggi. 15 Pti kosong itu argkau punya. 16 Ayer panas itn dia punya. 17 Budak kchil itu dia punya.
EXERCISE III.
1 Ini-lah tuan (or, argkau) punya kursi. 2 Mahal meja ini. 3 Mangkok ini kotor. 4 Ia’ini (or, ini-lal) kain berseh. 5 Ini-lah kayu merah, ia’itu kras. 6 Ia’ini-lah orang tempang. 7 Apa itu? 8 Itu-lah tlor ayam. 9 Siapa orang ini? 10 Ini-lah sahya punya kaki bharu. 11 Orang mana tempang? 12 Siapa punya topi ini? 13 Buah mana itu? 14 Apa macham ikan itn? 15 Siapa punya kain kotor ini? 16 Siapa tukang itu? 17 Apa buah itu?
EXERCISE IV.
1 Barang yang aku punya, ia’itu angkau punya. 2 Barang-siapa yang marah, ia’itu salah. 3 Tukang kbun itu yang malas. 4 Garfu mana yang bengkok? 5 Ia’ini-lah tukang bsi yang paudai. 6 Mana yang masak, itu-lah yang baik. 7 Orang mana yang mati? 8 Ini-lah kueh yang manis. 9 Itu-lah budak yang gmok. 10 Aku sndiri-lah yang marah. 11 Angkau sndiri brani. 12 Tukang kayu itu sndiri bodoh. 13 Pisau-nya sndiri itu tajam. 14 Ini-lah tuan sndiri sendok. 14 Garfu itu tuan sndiri punya.
EXERCISE V.
1 Mana angkau punya bapa (or, bapa-mu) skarang? 2 Dhulu ia gmok, skarang kurus. 3 Orang jahat lkas marah. 4 Tmpat ini blum berseh. 5 Nasi blum sdia. 6 Orang mana yang hampir mati? 7 Sini tmpat yang kring. 8 Besok hari yang snang.
EXERCISE VI.
1 Deri mana angkau punya kawan ini? 2 Mana bakul yang di sini tadi? 3 Di atas meja bulat dngan roti dan daging itu. 4 Kdai bapa sahya jauh deri sini. 5 Kalau kasar tntu murah. 6 Brapa herga daging kambing ini? 7 Brapa kambing dalam bangsal itu? 8 Brapa angkau punya blanja klmarin? 9 Knapa roti ini bgitu kras? 10 Bgimana daging lmbu ini bgini lmbot?
EXERCISE VII.
1 Hutang sahya dua-puloh ringgit. 2 Batu puteh dua, hitam s-blas. 3 Kasut tiga pasang. 4 Gaji-nya ampat-blas ringgit satu bulan. 5 Brapa panjang-nya tali ini? 6 Dua dpa. 7 Kayu kain ini brapa ela? 8 Greja ini s-ratus ampat-puloh-lima kaki tinggi-nya. 9 Laut ini s-ribu dua-ratus dpa dalam-nya. 10 Jarang orang bgitu brat, barangkali dua pikul brat-nya. 11 Rumah yang k’ampat sblah kanan, itu-lah sahya punya. 12 Tanah anak-mu itu tiga suku batu jauh-nya deri laut.
EXERCISE VIII.
1 Pukol brapa skarang? 2 Hampir pukol satu. 3 Lama sudah glap. 4 Brapa lama lagi hujan bgini? 5 Brapa lama sudah papan ini basah bgini? 6 Dua jam tiga suku. 7 Kurang suku pukol tiga. 8 Bgini lambat orang tntu pnat. 9 Pukol dua-blas kurang dua-puloh-lima minit. 10 Tadi pagi pukol ampat s-tngah. 11 Pukol tiga ptang. 12 Deri tngah hari sampai pukol ampat dua-puloh minit.
EXERCISE IX.
1 Kalau jalan terlalu lkas, barangkali angkau jatoh. 2 Panggil kuki, suroh dia naik. 3 Suroh tukang kayu nanti sini. 4 Sahya fikir dia blum pulang deri pasar. 5 Sahya mau bangun besok pagi kurang suku pukol anam. 6 Tikus boleh masok lobang itu. 7 Kirim surat ini k-pada bapa-mu, dia tntu suka trima. 8 Sahya mau pindah deri negri ini. 9 Sahya sudah tinggal di sini tiga-blas tahun lama-ya. 10 Patut angkau chari prigi di atas bukit ini. 11 Sudah sahya chari, ttapi blum dapat. 12 Ini-lah orang yang masok tuan punya rumah klmarin dhulu. 13 Sahya blum chari.
EXERCISE X.
1 Ada plita dalam bilek-mu. 2 Ada sdikit tpong dalam-nya. 3 Kalau ada pisang di pasar, suroh kuki bli. 4 Tukang kasut ada dudok di luar. 5 Brapa orang ada ini hari? 6 Tuang punya tukang jahit ada skarang 7 Ada orang China dalam dapor tadi. 8 Ada tiga minggo lama-nya abang saliya sakit. 9 Changkol ada sama tukang kbun. 10 Kalau ada payong, pergi ambil. 11 Bawa bunga ini k-pada kakak-mu. 12 Angkat tikar itu bawa k-luar. 13 Pergi ambil kasut sahya. 14 Ada orang bawa.
EXERCISE XI.
1 Budak kchil itu tahu main bola-kah? Tahu. 2 Lusa boleh datang k-gudang? Boleh. 3 Besok pagi kapal yang mana sampai? 4 Angkau knal bini adek sahya? Knal. 5 Sais sudah taroh bakul lama itu di sana? Sudah. 6 Tukang roti ada? Ada. 7 Boleh dapat ubi dan lain sayur dalam kampong ini? Boleh. 8 Tuan tinggal di atas bukit ini-kalı? Sahya. 9 Angkau takot-kah? Takot, tuan. 10 Orang mana yang mandi tadi? 11 Sudah-kah angkau panggil tukang chukor? Sudah.
EXERCISE XII.
1 Dhobi sudah koyak kmeja ini? Tidak, tuan, sudah koyak dhulu. 2 Tuan sudah bayer? Blum. 3 Orang itu tahu jahit-kah? Tidak, dia ta’tahu. 4 Angkau mau makan? Blum. 5 Tuan mau bli apa-apa? Ta’mau. 6 Angkau tahu nama pokok ini? Ta’tahu. 7 Man jual kuching ini? Mana boleh. 8 Ini tuan punya anjing? Bukan. 9 Dia tutop pintu pagar spaya jangan orang masok. 10 Tiada-kah ikan di dalam kolam? 11 Bukan-kah angkau punya kipas ini? 12 Sudah angkan makan-kah blum? 13 Tuan punya rumah sudah sewa-kah? Blum. 14 Suroh kuki jangan bli itek ini hari.
EXERCISE XIII.
1 Smoa limau manis sudah habis rosak. 2 Garam dan lada hampir habis. 3 Minyak tanah sudah habis-kah blum? 4 Tuan sudah habis tulis surat itu? 5 Budak yang nakal patut kna pukol. 6 Dia kna layak rugi oleh main judi. 7 Bukan-nya orang kaya sahaja yang kna churi. 8 Dia kna dnda satu ringgit sbab lambat datang. 9 Sahya sudah bri tahu spaya jangan ia kna tipu. 10 Suroh orang jaga jangan bri orang masok. 11 Salya tntu lupa kalau tuan tiada bri ingat.
EXERCISE XIV.
1 Suroh dia gosok mangkok dan piring. 2 Banyak prahu yang kchil-kchil sudah karam. 3 Minta budak-budak itu datang k-mari. 4 Orang itu sudalı bli terlalu banyak rumah yarg bsar-bsar. 5 Mata-mata itu smoa-nya datang sini deri Pulau Pinang. 6 Brapa ekor babi lu plihara? 7 Suroli kuki masak tlor dua biji. 8 Pergi bli papan dna tiga kping. 9 Tuan sudah bli rumah brapa pintu di jalan itu? 10 Brapa hlai baju tuan taroh dalam pti itu 11 Orang itu ada pakai baju dna lapis bila ia kna tangkap oleh mata-mata. 12 Minta tukang roti bawa lima biji besok pagi.
EXERCISE XV.
1 Kanak-kanak ini jantan-kah atau prempuan? 2 S’ekor kuda btina sudah lari blum tangkap. 3 Gunting ini lagi tajam. 4 Jarom ini lagi halus. 5 Kain yang sahya sudah bli dhulu itn lbel tbal deri-pada ini. 6 Roda ini makin lama makin longgar. 7 Daging ini kurang panas. 8 Chabai lbeh pdas deri-pada lada hitam. 9 Daging mana yang terlbel Imbot. 10 Ia-lah budak yang terlbeh rajin dalam skola ini. 11 Baju itu sama burok sperti yang lain. 12 Rumah-nya di dalam ladang yang amat luas.
EXERCISE XVI.
1 Lmbu btina itu banyak lmah ta’boleh ia berdiri. 2 Lnsa kapal api itu man blayer. 3 Budak-budak smoa-nya masok skola apabila locheng berbunyi. 4 Jikalau orang lagi bkerja, suroh dia berhenti. 5 Knapa angkau blum sdiakan tmpat tidor? 6 Gantongkan baju dan sluar sahya. 7 Ada bergantong di situ. 8 Jangan buangkan kasut itu, leh baik brikan k-pada orang miskin itu. 9 Patut anak-anak hormatkan orang tua-nya. 10 Suroh dia kunchikan pintu pagar. 11 Panggil orang yang berjual buah itu, suroh dia isikan bakul ini.
EXERCISE XVII.
1 Jaga baik-baik jangan padam plita itu. 2 Apabila saudara-mu datang, minta dia buka pti ini. 3 Apabila ia innigar khabar itu, terlalu susah-hati-ya. 4 Tuan itu pandai mngarang surat. 5 Sahya sudah datang nilihat negri. 8 Patut anak-anak mnurut prentah mak-bapa-ya. 7 Bodol-lah orang mmbri jawab kalau blum mngerti sual-ya. 8 Apabila ia pergi k-Klang, bharu ia mlilat kreta api. 9 Ia hndak mnyukakan hati raja. 10 Binatang itu smoa-ya datang k-sana mnehari rumput yang baik itu.
EXERCISE XVIII.
1 Di-dukong-ya anak raja itu. 2 Oleh malaraja di-tikam-nya akan dia digan kris. 3 Di-suroh bginda isi dngan sagu. 4 Maka di-sambot oleh bntara, di-brikan kepada khatib, maka di-bacha oleh khatib. 5 K-s-puloh jari-nya di-buboh-nya s-puloh bntok chinchin. 6 Tlah di-lihat oleh China, di-turut-nya. 7 Di-suroh-nya kupas ubi itu. 8 Bukit itu di-sbot orang Bukit China. 9 Oleh Sultan Mansur Shah di-bri bginda ayer basoli kaki; maka oleh raja China ayer basoh kaki itu di-minum dan di-mandikan. 10 Tiada terhitong banyak-iya. 11 Dngan takdir Allah istana itu pun terbakar.
EXERCISE XIX.
1 Orang Indrapura pada masa itu tiada berraja. 2 Rumah itu beralas batu. 3 Kapal bertiang tiga. 4 Binatang berkaki ampat. 5 Budak-budak itu bermain-main di dalam taman. 6 Tuan yang datang itu tiada bermisai. 7 Raja itu tiada beranak laki-laki. 8 Di-lihat-nya anak itu berlari-lari di hadapan bginda. 9 Barang k-mana ia pergi bersama-sama juga digan Tun Manda. 10 Sgala burong di dalam taman itu berbunyi, berbagai-bagai bunyi-nya. 11 Aigin bertiop terlalu kras. 12 Berpgang dua-dua tangan-nya. 13 Orang itu bersru-srn deri kapal. 14 Pagar istana di-perbuat-nya kota.
EXERCISE XX
1 Sbab tiada pncharian ia mnjadi pnchuri dan pmbunoh. 2 Prempuan itu-lah istri pnghulu. 3 Pnyakit itu ta’boleh di-obatkan. 4 Iaitu tmpat perhimponan prompak dan pnchuri dan pmbunoh. 5 Orang yang tiada mau trima pngajaran ta’boleh dapat pngtahuan. 6 Perkataan manis innjadi pnawar akan marah orang. 7 Jikalau ada barang permintaan atau pngaduan patut di-bri tahu skarang. 8 Dalam pprangan nyata-lah siapa-kah pnakot. 9 Perbuatan-nya tiada setuju digan perjanjian-nya. 10 Pmbohong atau pminum tiada kperchaya’an.
EXERCISE XXI.
1 Kbodohan orang krap kali mudatangkan kbinasa’an-ya. 2 Jangan-lah angkau ingin akan kmulia’an kbsaran dunia ini. 3 Sbab ksalahan sndiri angkau rasa kkurangan. 4 Hndak-lah masing-masing mnehari kbajikan orang lain. 5 Surat kiriman itu bukan karangan-ya sndiri. 6 Perchuma orang mngadu jikalau tiada ktrangan. 7 Tiada patut pkerja’an itu di-bri k-pada orang yang bukan orang kperchaya’an. 8 Kdngaran-lah bahwa utusan kraja’an Siam itu datang. 9 Tanya-lah apa-kah kahandak-nya datang k-mari. 10 Pakaian mana tuan suroh jmor?
EXERCISE XXII.
1 Wah! terlalu skali bodoh orang ini. 2 Hei anak-ku, hndak-lah angkau banyak sabar. 3 Ktahui oleh tuan-ku, ya nabi Allah. 4 Apabila ia bergurau sama muda-muda, kata-nya, Cheh! laksamana lawan-ku. 5 Cheh! ku sangka brani Sri Bija ’Diraja ini. 6 Hei! hei! lihat-lah anak hrimau itu! 7 Di-suroh-nya panggil kdua orang yang berdiri di luar itu. 8 Rumah tmpat tuan tinggal. 9 Orang ini-lah yang luka tangan-nya. 10 Rbah-lah gajah yang di atas-ya ia dudok.
EXERCISE XXIII.
1 S-tlah Sultan murgar bndahara sangat sakit, maka bginda pun datang. 2 Tlah dmkian fikir-nya, maka ia pun berbalek k-rumah-nya lalu naik tangga. 3 Deri-pada in hamba Mlayu tiada mau derhaka, maka dmkian laku-ya. 4 Hndak-lah jangan kamu lupa’i, spaya kbsaran dunia akhirat kamu peroleh. 5 Tiada siapa mněgur dia, kerna ia orang bsar. 6 Pti itu smoa-nya di-tuangi-nya timah, spaya jangan dapat di-buka orang lagi. 7 Jikalau datang pada-mu dua pkerja’an, maka dhulukan oleh-mu pkerja’an Allah, tinggalkan pkerja’an dunia. 8 Jikalau hindak di-bunoh-nya, pada masa itu dapat. 9 Bgimana ‘adat raja-raja yang bsar-bsar, dmkian-lah di-perbuat orang. 10 Sunggoh pun dmkian, tiada juga ia mau pergi k-sana. 11 Apa kahandak-mu pinta-lah pada kita; jikalau apa skali pun tiada kita tahani. 12 Bbrapa di-pasang orang priok api, tiada di-hisabkan oleh gajah itu.
EXERCISE XXIV.
1 Ada orang berdiri di tbing mnantikan sampan datang. 2 Smoa orang banyak mnantikan bndahara makan. 3 Dia minta paku yang tertinggal sini klmarin. 4 Di-pinjami-nya kuda itu akan anak-nya. 5 Darah banyak tumpah k-bumi. 6 Barang-siapa bertmu dngan dia di-suroh-ya berbalek. 7 Jagan tm‘a akau herta orang. 8 Jikalau orang mndapat herta orang, jika tiada di-pulangkan pada yang ampunya, di-suroh bginda kodong tangan-ya. 9 Tiada s’orang pun perchaya akan orang yang minum mabok. 10 Ia berbantah dngan mintua-nya. 11 Jangan kamu perchaya akan prempuan tua masok k-rumah-mu. 12 Kaseh-kah tuan-hamba akan hamba?
EXERCISE XXV.
1 Jalan mana yang baik? 2 Mana suka. 3 Tuan punya ipar datang khabar-nya. 4 Ribot mau turun rupa-nya. 5 Sila dudok di atas bangku ini. 6 Gila orang ini rupa-nya. 7 Choba bawa meja ini k-dalam bilek sblah. 8 Tuan minta kopi. 9 Brapa panjang balak ini agak-nya. 10 Pada masa itu bharu-lah ia mlihat akan istri-nya. 11 Bharu s-malam sahya mnigar tuan sakit. 12 Ini hari juga sahya mau blayer. 13 Tuan suka makan buah nangka? 14 Suka juga. 15 Bbrapa orang Malaka itu mati dan luka, tiada ia mau undor.